Auditing-Accsys Technologies Plc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Auditing-Accsys Technologies Plc - Case Study Example It is exposed to overestimation of financial figures as in the current fiscal it has adopted IFRS for the group has a whole and follows UK, GAAP for its parent company. Unlike in GAAP, under IFRS it requires companies to value financial items at fair market value. If the market value of the asset is more than its written down value, it will lead to overestimation that increases the inherent risk (Carcello & Nagy, 2004). Accsys Technologies Plc has revised its accounting reporting standards from GAAP to IFRS for its group as a whole and not for the parent or subsidiary companies. It adopted IFRS 13 and IAS 1 for the current period. IFRS 13 fair value measurement implies that the value of the financial and non financial items will be recorded in the books at market price which includes inventory, assets, investments, etc. The change in reporting standard might exhibit highly geared assets i.e. assets might have a relative low price in the domestic market compared to the value of its final product. Accsys Plc reported a 78% increase in its revenue and the EBITDA margin for its Arnhem plant was â‚ ¬2.4 million compared to a loss of â‚ ¬.9 million in the last fiscal. The resulting difference in the operating income and loss is a key indicator of its reporting mechanism than its increased demand in the global market (Accesys Technologies, 2015). In the current fiscal Accsys discontinued its licensing partnership with Diamond Wood China Ltd and as per the order of the tribunal was supposed to pay  £1.6 million. It also incurred legal costs of  £.6 million. Such transactions did not feature in its annual report of 2014 and thus clearly indicates the risk of misstatement i.e. arising out of error or intentional actions (Khurana & Raman, 2008). Accsys Plc is in the practice of recognising all cost of revenue to the Arnhem manufacturing plant if it cannot be recognised with the licensee.

Berkshire Hathaway Phenomenon In the Context of Modern Finance Theory Essay Example for Free

Berkshire Hathaway Phenomenon In the Context of Modern Finance Theory Essay Berkshire Hathaway Phenomenon In the Context of Modern Finance Theory Septtember 2013 Berkshire Hathaway Phenomenon In the Context of Modern Finance Theory Introduction Over the 46 years ending December 2012, Warren Buffett (Berkshire Hathaway) has achieved a compound, after-tax, rate of return in excess of 20% p.a. Such consistent, long term, out performance might be viewed as incompatible with modern finance theory. This essay discusses the Berkshire Hathaway phenomenon in the context of modern finance theory. Part 1 Modern Portfolio Theory Berkshire Hathaway’s investing strategies mainly differ with modern portfolio theory on two aspects. The first one is the attitude towards the undesirable thing in investment. And the second one is the perspective of diversification. As Harry Markowitz pointed out in Portfolio Selection, one of the assumptions is (Markowitz, 1952)â€Å"the investor does (or should) consider expected return as a desirable thing and variance of return an undesirable thing†. However, in Warren Buffet’s point of view, (Roberg G, 2005) the only undesirable thing should be the possibility of harm. He emphasizes on conducting fundamental analysis to work out a company’s future profits, so as to determine the intrinsic value instead of monitoring the stock prices. This is because in the long term, the investment outcome is mainly harmed by misjudging the business value, including misjudging of inflation rate and  interest rate etc. As such, risk is defined differently between Mr Buffett and Modern Portfolio Theory; one is defined by possibility of misjudging the  intrinsic value of business, the other being simplified to variance of expected returns. If we consider risk as a probability statement, then maybe Mr B uffett’s definition is closer to the original meaning. Also, the assumption of maximising one-period expected utility is not what Buffet focuses on in his investment strategies. (Roberg G, 2005)In this case, Justin Industries, which was acquired by Berkshire Hathaway in 2000, can serve as a good example. During the five years prior to the acquisition, stock price of Justin Industries dropped by 37 percent, which should result in a huge variance of expected return. But Mr Buffett saw it as a perfect opportunity to purchase a well-managed traditional business with over 100 years of history. He offered a 23 percent premium over stock price at the time, and the stock price shot up by 22% on the day of announcement. It is also stated by Markowitz that, (Markowitz, 1952)â€Å"a rule of behaviour which does not imply the superiority of diversification must be rejected both as a hypothesis and as a maxim†. On the contrary, Mr Buffett has his famous quote, (Roberg G, 2005)â€Å"diversification serves as a protection against ignorance. If you want to make sure that nothing bad happens to you relative to the market, you should own everything. There is nothing wrong with that. Its a perfectly sound approach for somebody who doesnt know how to analyse business†. One can always argue that Berkshire Hathaway does not operate in only one industry, and they tend to invest in more industries in recent years. But as the business grows in volume, it is reasonable to be involved in new industries when there are few sound investment opportunities in the industries they already operate in, let alone that the technology industry was rarely in the list of holdings of Berkshire Hathaway, not even when Apple’s stock was soaring. The reason being, (Roberg G, 2005)â€Å"investment success is not about how much you know but how realistically you define what you dont know†. Chart 1 (Martin Puthenpurackal, 2007) Distribution of Berkshire Hathaway Investments by Industry The chart above shows distribution of Berkshire Hathaway’s investments by industry and firm size during the time frame 1976-2006. Judging by the size and number of investments, it can be concluded that a large amount of wealth was placed in manufacturing industry during the 30 years in study, although for diversification purpose, more weight could have been placed in the industry of agriculture, forestry and fishing, construction or retail trade. Having compared the differences, it is still worth noting that Markowitz did not rule out fundamental analysis in portfolio selection process, as is said in his foregoing paper,(Markowitz, 1952)â€Å"the process of selecting a portfolio may be divided into two stages. The first stage starts with observation and experience and ends with beliefs about the future performances of available securities. The second stage starts with relevant beliefs about future performances and ends with the choice of portfolio. This paper is concerned with the second stage†. Part 2 Efficient Market Hypothesis The strong form of efficient market hypothesis states that all information, no matter public or private, instantaneously affects current stock price. Semi-strong form is only concerned with public information, while the weak form suggests that current stock price reflects information in the previous prices. In short, they simply imply that in the long run, no one should be able to beat the market in terms of investment return. As is said in Fama’s paper in 1970, (Eugene F, 1970)â€Å"the evidence in support of the efficient markets model is extensive, and (somewhat uniquely in economics) contradictory evidence is sparse†. However, Warren Buffet has always criticised efficient market hypothesis as much as he could. The major  reason is that, as a fundamental analysis advocate, (Roberg G, 2005)he thinks analysing all available information make an analyst at advantage. He once said, (Banchuenvijit, 2006)†investing in a market where people believe in efficiency is like playing bridge with someone who has been told it does not do any good to look at the cards.† Also in his speech at Columbia University in 1984, he mentioned, â€Å"ships will sail around the world but the Flat Earth Society will flourish. There will continue to be wide discrepancies between price and value in the marketplace, and those who read their Graham Dodd will continue to prosper.† (Roberg G, 2005)To illustrate, we can take Berkshire Hathaway’s acquisition of Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corp. in 2009 for example. At the time, shares of Burlington Northern had dropped 13 percent in 12 months. Also, the market was soft during GFC, so the possibility of competitive bids was low according to Tony Russo, a partner at Gardner Russo Gardner, which holds Berkshire shares. If efficient market hypothesis does stand, the market would rebound quickly when GFC took place, and such opportunity of relatively low-priced acquisition would not exist. Even if it exists, other investor should anticipate quick upward adjustment of price and participate in bidding when they find out about this opportunity. However, this does not prove that fundamental analysis is superior, because intrinsic value is not yet clear defined, and how does Mr Buffet calculate the intrinsic value is still a mystery. Part 3 Capital Asset Pricing Model When examining assumptions of Capital Asset Pricing Model, it is obvious that Mr Buffett is at odds with almost every one of them. Firstly, the model assumes that all investors are Markowitz efficient, but as mentioned earlier, Mr Buffett does not treat variance of expected return as an absolute drawback, so the second rule that Markowitz Efficiency must follow does not stand. Secondly, the model is backed by the assumption that investors have  homogeneous expectations and equal access to opportunities, which suggests that everyone is supposed to have the same view of future profit stream. However, as a recent paper pointed out, (Frazzini, et al., 2013)Mr Buffett’s return is largely due to his selection of stocks. If everyone has the same view with Mr Buffett and the same access to the investment opportunities, then if not everyone, a large number of people should be as rich as Mr Buffett, when the reality is the opposite. So Mr Buffett would not agree with this assumption either. The third assumption is that capital markets are in equilibrium, which is practically what only efficient markets can achieve, which, as discussed above, is not in line with Mr Buffett’s view point. The final one, which is that Capital Asset Pricing Model only works within one period time horizon, is apparently against Mr Buffett’s long-term holding strategy. Apart from model assumptions, one of the strongest contradictions between Mr Buffett’s view point and Capital Asset Pricing Model is that the model is for short-term predicting purpose, which would clearly be categorised into (Roberg G, 2005)â€Å"speculation† instead of â€Å"investment† by Mr Buffett. In addition, â€Å"market portfolio† is not of practical use, compared with Mr Buffett’s way of only analysing businesses he is familiar with, because the market portfolio we use cannot truly represent the entire market. Part 4 Multi-factor Pricing Models Unlike Capital Asset Pricing Model, which has only one factor, in Multi-factor Pricing Models, such as Arbitrage Pricing Theory and Fama-French three-factor model, the rate of return is linked to several factors. As diversification is still suggested by the model, the same divergence on diversification exists with Mr Buffet’s strategies and Multi-factor Pricing Models. Moreover, differences also lie in the fact that multi-factor models usually take in some macroeconomic factors, which investors should not consider according to Mr Buffett, (Roberg G, 2005)the rationale being that if a single stock price cannot be predicted, the overall economic condition would be more difficult to predict. Despite the differences, some micro factors included in the multi-factor model, such as P/E ratio and book-to-market ratio, can also be used to conduct fundamental analysis to determine the intrinsic value and possibility of growth of a business. As such, the ideas of which factors to take into account can coincide within the two different approaches. Chart 2(Martin Puthenpurackal, 2007) Factor Regressions of Berkshire Hathaway and Mimicking Portfolios In a paper by Gerald S. Martin and John Puthenpurackal, they conduct a regression analysis using Fama-French three-factor and Carhart four-factor models on monthly returns of Berkshire Hathaway and mimicking portfolios. (Martin Puthenpurackal, 2007)The adjusted excess returns turn out to be significant with p-values 0.024; the excess market return and high-minus-low book-to-market factors are again significant with p-values 0.01. However, small-minus-big and prior 2-12 month return momentum factors are not significantly explanatory factors. As such, preliminary conclusion can be reached that book-to-value highminus-low can be a common factor in both multi-factor models and Mr Buffett’s fundamental analysis. In addition, the factors of firm size and momentum are not likely to be considered by Mr Buffett. Also, both Berkshire’s and mimicking portfolio’s returns outperform the multi-factor models in study. (Bowen Rajgopal, 2009)But as is pointed out in another thesis, the superior performance is attributed to the earlier years and they observe no significant alpha during the recent decade. Part 5 Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model According to Berkshire Hathaway’s letter to shareholders in 2008,(Buffett, 2008)their put contracts reported a mark-to-market loss of $5.1 billion, and this led to Mr Buffett’s â€Å"criticism† towards the Black-Scholes formula as is claimed by the media. However, the loss was in fact caused by inclusion of volatility in the formula when volatility becomes irrelevant as the duration before maturity lengthens. As Mr Buffett said in the letter,(Buffett, 2008)if the formula is applied to extended time periods, it can produce absurd results. In fairness, Black and Scholes almost certainly understood this point well. But their devoted followers may be ignoring whatever caveats the two men attached when they first unveiled the formula. As such, Mr Buffett’s comment on Black-Scholes formula is more of self-criticism than the other way around. This is reflected in his earlier comment on performance in the letter,(Buffett, 2008)†I believe each contract we own was mispriced at inception, sometimes dramatically so. I both initiated these positions and monitor them, a set of responsibilities consistent with my belief that the CEO of any large financial organization must be the Chief Risk Officer as well. If we lose money on our derivatives, it will be my fault.† We can understand why Mr Buffett gave this â€Å"fair† comment about the formulae when referring to the Black-Scholes paper,(Black Scholes, 1973)†if the expiration date of the option is very far in the future, then the price of the bond that pays the exercise price on the maturity date will be very low, and the value of the option will be approximately equal to the price of the stock. â€Å" Mr Buffett also commented that (Buffett, 2008)†The Black-Scholes formula has approached the status of holy writ in finance, and we use it when valuing our equity put options for financial statements purposes. Key inputs to the calculation include a contract’s maturity and strike price, as well as the analyst’s expectations for volatility, interest rates and dividends† and that â€Å"even so, we will continue to use  Black-Scholes when we are estimating our financial-statement liability for long-term equity puts. The formula represents conventional wisdom and any substitute that I might offer would engender extreme scepticism†. Despite Mr Buffett’s confession, a scholar studied the letter and reached a different conclusion why the loss was made:(Cornell, 2009)He first ruled out risk-free rate, inflation rate and drift and focused on volatility, which is consistent with where Mr Buffett thought he made a mistake. The lognormal diffusion assumption, which implies that volatility increases linearly with respect to the horizon over which it is measured, was discussed at length with controversial evidence. As such, its misuse is not a strong explanation regarding the absurd results. He then found out in the letter that Mr Buffett believed that inflationary policies of governments and central banks will limit future declines in nominal stock prices compared with those predicted by a historically estimated lognormal distribution. If Mr Buffet is right, then the Black-Scholes model will indeed significantly overvalue long-dated put options, to which a possible solution is making the left-hand tail truncated to reduce the value of long-dated put options. Summary Throughout this essay, we have discussed the common views and divergences between Mr Buffett’s investment strategies and Modern Finance Theories. Now we summarize the main points as follows: Common views Divergences Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model Modern Portfolio Theory Efficient Market Hypothesis Capital Asset Pricing Model Multi-factor Models Chart 3 Common Views and Divergences between Modern Finance Theory and Mr Buffett’s Strategies Modern Finance Theories Modern Portfolio Theory Divergences with Warren Buffet 1. Risk Defined as Volatility 2. Short Investment Horizon 3. Diversification Efficient Market Hypothesis Capital Asset Pricing Model Reliability of Fundamental Analysis 1. Markowitz Efficient Investors 2. Homogeneous Expectation and Equal Access to Opportunities 3. Markets in Equilibrium 4. Short Investment Horizon 5. Predicting Function Leads to Speculation 6. Impractical â€Å"Market Portfolio† 7. Diversification Multi-factor Models 1. Macro Factors 2. Diversification Chart 4 Detailed Divergences between Modern Finance Theory and Mr Buffett’s Strategies Bibliography Banchuenvijit, W., 2006. Investment Philosophy of Warren E. Buffet, Bankok: The University of Thai Chamber ofCommerce. Black, F. Scholes, M., 1973. The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities. The Journal of Political Economy, 81(3), pp. 637-654. Bowen, R. M. Rajgopal, S., 2009. Do Powerful Investors Influence Accounting, Governance and Investing Decisions?, Washington D.C.: University of Washington. Buffett, W. E., 2008. Letter to Shareholders, Omaha: Berkshire Hathaway, Inc.. Cornell, B., 2009. Warren Buffet, Black-Scholes and the Valuation of Long-dated Options, Pasadena: California Institute of Technology. Davis, J., 1991. Lessons from Omaha: an Analysis of the Investment Methods and Business Philosophy of Warren Buffett, Cambridge: Cambridge University. Eugene F, F., 1970. Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of THeory and Empirical Work. The Journal of Finance, 25(2), pp. 383-417. Eugene F, F. Kenneth R, F., 1992. The Cross-Section of Expected Stock Return. The Journal of Finance, XLVII(2). Markowitz, H., 1952. Portfolio Selection. The Journal of Finance, VII(1), pp. 77-91. Martin, G. S. Puthenpurackal, J., 2007. Imitation is the Sincerest Form of Flattery: Warren Buffett and Berkshire Hathaway, Reno: University of Nevada. Roberg G, H., 2005. The Warren Buffet Way. 2 ed. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons, Inc.. William F, S., 1964. Capital Asset Prices: A Theory of Market Equilibrium under Conditions of Risk. The Journal of Finance, 19(3), pp. 425-442.

Comparing the Work of Arundhati Roy and Seamus Heaney :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Comparing the Work of Arundhati Roy and Seamus Heaney Arundhati Roy writes a provocative story of growing up in India in his book entitled, The God of Small Things. The novel is placed in two different time periods about 23 years apart and moves smoothly from one time period to another. Roy’s predominate story is of Estha and Rahel who are â€Å"two-egg twins†¦born from separate but simultaneously fertilized eggs† (Roy 4), but along with their story are several other stories that spotlight members of immediate Ipe family members and persons living nearby. Woven into Roy’s novel are his views of life in India. Also examined here is Seamus Heaney’s book of selected poems, Opened Ground. The poet laureate of Ireland portrays in his writings his views Ireland, from his life as a child to the troubles Northern Ireland has faced because of England in the last century. These two countries are different in cultures and traditions and are located at opposite ends of the global yardstick. But common to both are pr oblems of unrest; in India those associated with English influence and domination; in Northern Ireland problems concerning English sympathizers and those opposed to English rule. These similarities and differences will be examined here. Roy begins by speaking in the present time focusing on Rahel return to India after a long absence. The author includes a careful description of the desolateness that currently envelopes the once active house, a house filled with activity but little happiness. After Ammu, the twin’s mother, is divorced, she returns to the house and fills it with her young and active twins. Rahel and Estha lived guarded lives as children, finding happiness for the most part only in their relationship with a neighbor of a lesser class, Velutha, a carpenter who became involved romantically with Ammu. Eventually, Estha was separated from his twin and sent to live with his father. In years past, her grandmother, Mammachi, spent unnamed hours on the front veranda, fleeing from her brutal husband, the Reverend Ipe and playing her violin. When Sophie Mol, Chacko’s daughter arrives from England for a visit, she is received on the veranda and served cake. And the property near the house also once held a factory of Mammachi’s named â€Å"Paradise Pickles and Preserves† and employed several people. The house held a bustle of activity. But when Rahel returns, all the activity that occurs outside involves rodents running in overgrown gardens and frogs swimming in scummy ponds.

Nova Scotia should join the Canadian Confederation. Essay

I will explain why Nova Scotia should join the Canadian Confederation from two aspects. The two aspects are defense security, economy and trade. First, I’ll talk about defense security. Nova Scotia is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, convenient for maritime transportation and has pleasant climate and abundant resources. Also it is the closest landing site that European colonists immigrate to Canada mainland and an international important port. So Nova Scotia has very important strategic position. It’s the starting point of European going into Canada or attempting to invade Canada. Because of these, Nova Scotia used to be the focus of the Anglo-French colonists’ interests for the region. In addition, many pirates often infested in Oak Island which is located in the east of Nova Scotia. Local resident masses had no means to live. And the area of Nova Scotia is very small, from the perspective of war, it is flimsy. If Nova Scotia doesn’t join the Canadian Confederation, it will be captured when colonists invade. If Nova Scotia joins the Canadian Confederation, the Canadian Confederation will be the most powerful backing. Second, I’ll talk a bout economy and trade. Nova Scotia is surrounded by water. Most people on the island are fishing for their living. Most of their wares are transported to Canada inland various areas and they trade with these areas. This is the major revenue stream of Nova Scotia. However, there are so many invaders and pirates in the island, it doesn’t have a safe convenient channel to transport wares to Canada inland. When we transport wares to Canada inland, we still need to pay a lot of taxes. So revenue stream is not enough stable. In addition, the number of people on the island is small and industry is relatively single. Some of necessities need to be imported from Canada inland. These imported necessities are also interfered because of the reasons I just said. So life can’t get security. In the other side, Nova Scotia is an important port for transportation and relatively close to Europe and United States. It is very suit for international trading. However, if security is not guaranteed, it won’t be able to get better development. Beyond these, if Nova Scotia joins the Canadian Confederation, we can put more focus on the development of international trade and local industry, and use the Canadian Confederation’s funds and technology to build railways and roads et al. We can also use its education and medical resources to improve the local infrastructure and raise the level of resident’s life. Finally, if Nova Scotia joins the Canadian Confederation, it can get good security safeguard. Its economy can get better development. The residents will also live better. So, Nova Scotia should join the Canadian Confederation.

PROBLEM SET Monetary policy Essay

1. What impact will an unanticipated increase in the money supply have on the real interest rate, real output, and employment in the short run? How will expansionary monetary policy affect these factors in the long run? Explain. The money supply in an economy is the benchmark by which interest rates are determined. The supply of money is directly tied into the amount of money that can be loaned and borrowed in various capacities. The more money there is to loan, the less â€Å"expensive† it is to borrow that money. This is because when there is an increase in the money supply, the demand for that money fluctuates as well. This causes an increase in the overall amount of money being exchanged, and in turn, also causes a decrease in the real interest rate. The decrease in the interest rate also affects the economic appeal of domestically produced goods and services. This causes increased economic activity and the increase of real output because of that activity. When output increases, economic theory says that employers will typically need to hire more workers in order to handle their increased sales and output. However, this may not be the case in todays modern economy because modern businesses’ potential output are not directly proportional to their workforce. The long run economic impact depends on whether or not the unexpected short run money supply increase is permanent or not. If the money supply increase is permanent, then the short run effects mentioned above will drive the output of the economy above where it naturally should be. If the Fed decided to implement an Expansionary monetary policy to counteract this increase in the money supply then it would most likely try to reduce interest rates. This type of monetary stimulus affects the interest rates in the short term. This can eventually lead to long term economic change based on short term economic change being as the Fed intended. Expansionary policies are meant to push the economy towards full employment and spur economic growth. This means that if the policy is not closely monitored, or not removed at the right time, it can cause inflation, and thereby increase interest rates in the long run. 2. How rapidly has the money supply (M1) grown during the past twelve months? State the rate of growth (use http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h6/) and the most recent release, use the seasonally adjusted figures. Calculate the rate of growth across the year by taking the (new amount of M1- old amount of M1)/old amount of M1). Given the state of the economy, should monetary authorities increase or decrease the growth rate of money? Explain why. The M1 money supply grew by a rate of 8.86%. This is based on the Jan 2014 M1 supply number of 2,683.0 billion, and Jan 2013 number of 2,464.5 billion. This indicates a healthy growth rate of the economy and the M1 money supply. According to the reports issued by the board of governors of the Federal Reserve, Unemployment is decreasing, and inflation is remaining within their intended constraints. The Fed is currently maintaining policies to keep the growth rate of the M1 money supply in check. If the money supply were to increase at a more rapid rate, than it is likely that inflation would also increase. 3. Is stability in the general level of prices through time important? Why or why not? Should price stability be the goal of monetary policy? Explain your responses. Price stability in an economy is an essential quality for sustained growth. It is one of the key aspects that investors, both domestic and foreign, look at to determine whether or not to invest in the economy. If the price is unstable, than investors, especially foreign investors, do not see the economy as stable enough to risk their money in, and therefore invest elsewhere. This obviously is lost economic activity that can cause ripple effects across the market. When the general price level is stable however, the economy becomes appealing to investors, and causes them to spend their money in the market. This confidence that investors gain is a huge asset to economic growth and development. When people and businesses are confident that their money is going to be put to good use, they are much more likely to spend it. Domestically, price stability is important for the government,  and the Fed to be able to maintain fiscal policies. The Central Bank is also affected by the stability of prices when it makes monetary adjustments and investments. Therefore, it is vital for the Fed to monitor and attempt to stabilize prices as much as possible. 4. Compare and contrast the impact of an unexpected shift to a more expansionary monetary policy under rational and adaptive expectations. Are the implications of the two theories different in the short run? Are the long-run implications different? Explain. When monetary policy is created, there are 2 popular theories that guide the actions of decision makers. One of these policies is Rational Expectations. The theory of Rational Expectations is based on the presumption that the economic future of a market can be systematically predicted based on hypothesis and rational thought. This is the most widely used theory by today’s economic analysts and decision makers at the Fed. The second theory is Adaptive expectations. This theory is based on the idea that to predict an economy’s future, one has to analyze its past. The Impact of an unexpected shift to a more expansionary monetary policy under adaptive expectations will temporarily stimulate output and employment. Under Rational expectations, the same situation would result in little to no change in output.

7 Ways to Get Promotedâ€Beyond Just Working Hard

7 Ways to Get Promoted- Beyond Just Working Hard Think you can just slog away as diligently as you can and then everything else will fall into place? Think again. Just putting your head down and working hard is not enough. Don’t just imagine some omniscient presence is watching your performance at every turn and taking note of how well you’re doing. Here are a few concrete things to do to put yourself in a position to be promoted, beyond just showing up and working hard.1. Do something significant.So many rookies ask for a raise or a promotion without having done anything to earn it. Sure, they’ve worked hard. But they haven’t done the kind of specific work needed to grow as a leader or apply their talents and skills in a targeted way to help the company with what it needs most. Rise above. Then ask for a raise.2. Keep track of your successes.You should keep a running document of your accomplishments. Project start and end dates, significant milestones, quantifiable results, and thanks or congratulatory notes. This will be your arsenal when the time comes to prove your worthiness for promotion.3. Log professional development.Anytime you participate in a professional development activity- and you should be doing this!- log it. Keep track of courses, dates, names, contacts, etc. And file any new licenses or certificates you achieve, as well.4. Build a support team of mentors.You can’t get where you want to go without help. It takes a village- or, really, a team. Build bridges between you and your colleagues, supervisors, peers, managers, etc. Think about the ecosystem in which you’re operating. Learn its quirks and learn to thrive as a member of that climate. The best thing about scoring good mentors is that you might just land yourself a sponsor or ally who might be in the decision-making room when you aren’t and can make your case.5. Think ahead.Long before your review, sit down with your boss and make sure you know what tangible goals you should be working tow ards. Make sure you know the metrics you’ll be judged on when it comes time for promotion. Make a list of desired (or required) achievements. Then make sure your review is scheduled when it’s supposed to happen. If your first review comes and goes with no promotion, make sure you ask your boss what you’d need to do in the next six months to get there.6. Don’t wait to lead.Leadership opportunities won’t necessarily come to you. You have to seek them out. Lead a project, chair a committee, take charge of something. This will give you the exposure and visibility you need. Then just make sure you’re doing excellent work and maintaining your new role as leader.7. Branch out.It’s not just all about your company. Make sure to stay current. Network, interact, and yes, even interview at different companies in your field. Your employer isn’t the be all and end all. Anything could happen. Staying fresh and connected to the greater industr y not only means you’ll land on your feet if any shake-ups or lay-offs come around, but also that you will be seen as more valuable when the promotions start coming around.

The Discovery of Otzi the Iceman and Its Significance

The Discovery of Otzi the Iceman and Its Significance On September 19, 1991, two German tourists were hiking in the Otzal Alps near the Italian-Austrian border when they discovered Europes oldest known mummy sticking out of the ice. Otzi, as the iceman is now known, had been naturally mummified by the ice and kept in amazing condition for approximately 5,300 years. Research on Otzis preserved body and the various artifacts found with it continues to reveal much about the life of Copper Age Europeans. The Discovery Around 1:30 p.m. on September 19, 1991, Erika and Helmut Simon from Nuremberg, Germany were descending from the Finail peak in the Tisenjoch area of the Otzal Alps when they decided to take a shortcut off the beaten path. When they did so, they noticed something brown sticking out of the ice. Upon further inspection, the Simons discovered that it was a human corpse. Although they could see the back of the head, arms, and back, the bottom of the torso was still embedded in the ice. The Simons took a picture and then reported their discovery at the Similaun Refuge. At the time, however, the Simons and the authorities all thought the body belonged to a modern man who had recently suffered a deadly accident. Removing Otzis Body Removing a frozen body thats stuck in the ice at 10,530 feet (3,210 meters) above sea level is never easy. Adding bad weather and a lack of proper excavation equipment made the job even more difficult. After four days of trying, Otzis body was finally removed from the ice on September 23, 1991. Sealed up in a body bag, Otzi was flown via helicopter to the town of Vent, where his body was transferred to a wooden coffin and taken to the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Innsbruck. At Innsbruck, archaeologist Konrad Spindler determined that the body found in the ice was definitely not a modern man; instead, he was at least 4,000 years old. It was then that they realized that Otzi the Iceman was one of the most amazing archaeological finds of the century. Once it was realized that Otzi was an extremely important discovery, two teams of archaeologists went back to the discovery site to see if they could find more artifacts. The first team stayed only three days, October 3-5, 1991, because the winter weather was too harsh to work in. The second archaeology team waited until the following summer, surveying from July 20 to August 25 1992. This team found numerous artifacts, including string, muscle fibers, a piece of a longbow, and a bearskin hat. Who Was Otzi the Iceman? Otzi was a man who lived sometime between 3350 and 3100 BCE in what is called the Chalcolithic or Copper Age. He stood approximately five feet and three inches high and at the end of his life suffered from arthritis, gallstones, and whipworm. He died at about the age of 46. At first, it was believed that Otzi had died from exposure, but in 2001 an X-ray revealed that there was a stone arrowhead embedded in his left shoulder. A CT scan in 2005 discovered that the arrowhead had severed one of the Otzis arteries, most likely causing his death. A large wound on Otzis hand was another indicator that Otzi had been in close combat with someone shortly before his death. Scientists have recently discovered that Otzis last meal consisted of a few slices of fatty, cured goat meat, similar to modern-day bacon. But many questions remain regarding Otzi the Iceman. Why did Otzi have over 50 tattoos on his body? Were the tattoos part of an ancient form of acupuncture? Who killed him? Why was the blood of four people found on his clothes and weapons? Perhaps more research will help answer these and other questions about Otzi the Iceman.   Otzi on Display After seven years of study at Innsbruck University, Otzi the Iceman was transported to South Tyrol, Italy, where he was to be both further studied and put on display. At the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology, Otzi was encased within a specially made chamber, which is kept dark and refrigerated to help preserve Otzis body. Visitors to the museum can glimpse Otzi through a small window. To remember the place where Otzi had remained for 5,300 years, a stone marker was placed at the discovery site.

10 Ways to Challenge Your Brain

10 Ways to Challenge Your Brain Exercising your brain is arguably just as important as exercising the rest of your body. If you’re looking for ways that you can give your brain a nice little work out session, here are 10 ways you can challenge your brain to do more. Â  Source: [finotto.org]

Is the performance appraisal enough to guarantee better employee Essay

Is the performance appraisal enough to guarantee better employee performance - Essay Example 8) What will be the impact of each alternative on employee performance? 4. Research Design 4.1 Research Method: The research is both descriptive and causal in nature. In the descriptive part, the research will identity the findings of previous researchers regarding the effectiveness of performance appraisal in guaranteeing employee performance. After the descriptive analysis, the research will establish a link between the how strongly related performance appraisal is with employee performance and what other factors might be possible causes of employee performance. Both the primary and secondary sources will be used which are detailed as follows: Secondary Sources: The purpose of the desk research portion of the study is to gain hard data on pre-existing performance appraisal templates and their known outcomes, in real-life business environments, to gain an understanding of how the process is implemented and how employees have historically responded to these methodologies. Additionall y, this secondary research effort will improve understanding of what drives motivational responses in modern worker populations, based on performance criteria laid out by real-life organisations. During the course of the research, alternative methodologies other than the performance appraisal, designed to build better human capital, will be explored. It will act as the foundational knowledge necessary to approach fulfilment of the study’s objectives and build an appropriate primary research design strategy (Nargundkar, 2003). The procedure will entail consultation with appropriate journals and textbooks that describe performance-related phenomenon in the organisational environment (Smith, 2008). Additionally, reputable website content will... The paper tells that the purpose of the desk research portion of the study is to gain hard data on pre-existing performance appraisal templates and their known outcomes, in real-life business environments, to gain an understanding of how the process is implemented and how employees have historically responded to these methodologies. Additionally, this secondary research effort will improve understanding of what drives motivational responses in modern worker populations, based on performance criteria laid out by real-life organisations. During the course of the research, alternative methodologies other than the performance appraisal, designed to build better human capital, will be explored. It will act as the foundational knowledge necessary to approach fulfilment of the study’s objectives and build an appropriate primary research design strategy. The procedure will entail consultation with appropriate journals and textbooks that describe performance-related phenomenon in the o rganisational environment. Additionally, reputable website content will be consulted as provided by university leadership across the globe and case study representations of motivational theory and the use of performance appraisals as a means of fostering improved organisational and worker efficiency. Case studies of various organizations in London shall be used for initial exploratory findings. Results from a study conducted by students of University of Cranfield regarding the IiP shall also be used.

Marketing in a regulated market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing in a regulated market - Essay Example Although it is a regulated market, the government decides on the production practices it realizes the tobacco monopoly and does not try to implement measures that would eventually curb the business out of operation (Pampel, 2009:89). The script outlines the basis at which producers deceive buyers, market the product against the wish of ethics and morals, and ignore the constraints issued by the world health organizations to amass profits at the long run, and a documented inclusion of defiant states to the constraints. Further, the script entails the marketing mix variables and the ethical concerns of tobacco. Ethical issues pertaining GBT’s practices The company advertises the Gold brand uniformly through social networks and media, and this aspect catches the public equally, but fails to warn possible buyers on the consequences of smoking. Another ethical concern arises from the untamed advertising that, tobacco contains medicinal value, which is an ancient belief, and the com pany expresses it to increase demand on the output (Smith, 2003:42). The third ethical dilemma arises from the product design and packaging of the cigarettes since there are no warning signs on the Gold brand depicting the possible health hazards of smoking. Distribution of the GBT’s Gold Brand (Place) Tobacco market decline would adversely affect a nation that grows, processes, produces, and sells the cigarettes. The economy of Malu produces tobacco and depends upon it for economic growth and change in the people’s lifestyles. The government allows distribution of tobacco product brands in different channels to reach a wide range of consumer effectively. The famous homemade cigarette brand of â€Å"Gold† sells among all ages in Malu, despite the constraints to refrain from the practice, this practice is unethical to the extent that it will harm the health of the citizens. The product reaches the market via proper distribution and adequate creation of awareness throughout the potential market segments in the south Asian country (Mani and Sandhu, 2006:69). Promotion marketing mix strategy of the GBT’s Gold Brand The various promotion practices of the Gold brand cigarettes are deceptive and meant to retain buyers, entice new ones, recall old consumers, and increase the marginal consumptions. The idea of deception enables the GBT firm to survive in the market since buyers tend to retain the â€Å"value† they derive from consumption of cigarettes and avoid quitting altogether, as they feel affiliated to the product. Therefore, Fiona’s practices are unethical and morally bend to lure citizens in promoting economic growth through consumption of cigarettes and, at the expense of their general welfare and health (Weightman, 2011:87). Pricing strategy of the GBT’s Gold brand The international Tobacco products Manager at GBT, Fiona Fuller defines the best practices that the company intents to take in the process of wedgin g out possible threats that may injure the company’s operations and the desire to acquire the set goals profitably in the next decade. Fiona adapts to penetration pricing in acquiring the market that guarantees the company that the new venture is profitable (Pampel, 2009:95). She understands the presence of strong brands in the market from European nations that currently dominate 20% of market. Therefore, she strategically prices the

CJ403 Final Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

CJ403 Final - Research Paper Example In this paper, the author examines the Enron Corporation scandal by looking at some ethical principles and theories. By using such frameworks, it is hoped that a deeper analysis of business practices can be arrived at, one that clearly outlines the need for asking pertinent questions about moral conduct in a sector of society that is undeniably susceptible to unethical behavior. The Enron Corporation initiated various corporate means that, at the time, were seen as bold and perhaps even revolutionary. This was especially true when Jeffrey Skilling, former Enron CEO, came on board upon impressing founder and deregulation advocate, Kenneth Lay, with his consultancy capabilities. Prior to the Skilling phase of the company, Enron’s traders had been gambling without restraint using company funds, but with the knowledge of Kenneth Lay. Even with investigations and reports of misappropriation of funds, Lay intimated to traders to further continue generating money for the company. However, as is the nature of â€Å"gambling†, luck is bound to change. Enron’s traders soon gambled all of the company’s reserves. Nevertheless, the company survived and went on to employ Skilling. It was Skilling’s idea to utilize mark to market accounting, that is, the use of future projections to book earnings on deals that actually never made anythin g. This idea essentially opened up the company to unscrupulous practices, paving the way for fraudulent profit reports. Enron was also one of the first companies to form what they called, a Performance Review Committee, whose job it was to ensure that all employees were delivering the results that the company expected from them. This had the effect of pressuring employees to perform well, but had the unsavory consequence of pushing employees to adopt and utilize â€Å"less than ethical† conduct. By positioning itself as a kind of energy broker, Enron put up a number of businesses that, in reality,

Asian Culture On Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Asian Culture On Music - Essay Example Asian music is also accompanied by percussion instruments such as kettledrums, frame drums and tambourines. Another common musical instrument common in Asia, especially among the Inner Asian pastoralist communities is the Choor, which is a reed or wooden end-blown flute of different lengths but of four to five holes. This instrument has different names in different cultures with Mongolians calling it Tsuur while Kazakhstanis call it Sybyzghy. The other instruments with which the Inner Asian pastoralist music is associated are Dayra (a frame drum with jingles found in Central Asia and played by both men and women and Dombra, which is a class of two-stringed, long-necked lutes, regarded Kazakhstan's national instrument. Unfortunately for Asian music culture, there has been a lot of erosion of Asian music due to globalisation, more so the westernization of Asian music, which has led to increased calls and efforts to preserve the Asian musical heritage. An example of the efforts or initiatives that seek to preserve the Asian music culture is the Aga Khan Trust established in 2000 to especially assist in preserving the musical heritage of Central Asia. This initiative referred to as the Aga Khan Music Initiative in Central Asia (AKMICA) works with other tradition and cultural heritage stakeholders throughout Asian to ensure that the region’s musical traditions are carried from one generation of artists and audiences to the next. Additionally, the initiative seeks to popularize Central Asia musical culture to other regions by sponsoring music tours and festivals besides documenting and disseminating Asia’s musical culture. This paper explores the characteristic, cultural specificity, and t he local and global significance of Asian music and its interaction with other music cultures. In addition, the effect of globalisation on Asian music is discussed with respect to Asian pop cultures such as Korean pop. The Significance of Music in the Asian Society That Asian culture is quite beautiful and luring is an undeniable fact. Of greater and unparalleled beauty and significance are the recorded and cherished Asian cultures, which are handed down from one generation to the other. These cultural aspects of Asia are not only rich with evidences of past and current cultural struggles but also show the triumphs of Asian cultures over natural forces that would otherwise erode these cultures at the slightest opportunities (Philip & Wong, 1997). Like in other regions, Asians store and chronicle their stories of struggle and triumph in music, which is in turn carried from one generation to the next. This music document and preserve the events, cultures and the feelings of the people of Asia. Thus, Asian music is more that the strumming of strings and the beating of drums that one hears when music is played. There is more to every musical culture as what one hears in Tokyo

Flight deck interface Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Flight deck interface - Assignment Example The main point of concern is the viability of the respective individuals to use the new technologies effectively. For example, the voice recognition system serves as an extra pilot in the cockpit. However, the pilot may be distracted while trying to remember what a certain command means. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) considers the new technologies as a mandate rather than choice (Croft, 2011). The revolution in flight deck technology is laden with benefits and potential hazards that bring agreement and conflict between avionics manufacturers and the federal authorities. The benefits of the human-machine interactions enhance tactical operations towards the â€Å"no accident policy† from FAA (Croft, 2011). The voice recognition technology ensures that the pilot â€Å"does not have to take hands off the control wheel.† In addition, new technologies aim at reducing the clutter in the Primary Flight Display that displays too much information. Such unnecessary information can be confusing to the pilot. Avionics manufacturers assure the FAA that there is prototyping of a flight path marker, a technology that ensures only the information relevant to a specific phase of flight is displayed. Players in the avionics industry are certain that new technologies that enhance flight deck human-machine interaction are geared towards implementing the â€Å"no accident policy† by enhancing compatibility between the pilots and the cockpit technology. There exist potential hazards to the flight deck technologies that aim to enhance human-machine interaction. Avionics manufacturers raise issues regarding the manner in which humans troubleshoot and maintain the systems (Noyes, 2012). The human-machine interaction is limited to persistent design errors and the safety-critical applications for a particular system. In addition, it may be difficult to distinguish the roles of the hardware and software system from those of the human operator. Imbalances in

Plastic Surgery and Women's Beauty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Plastic Surgery and Women's Beauty - Essay Example The technique mold, reshape and reconstruct body tissues in order to bring the desired shape. (Ham, 2003) Although it has gained recognized use in the recent time, plastic surgery dates back to many years ago. As early as 1st BC the Romans are recorded to have been performing simple body procedures which were aimed at enhancing the beauty. They were mostly done on women. However with the coming modernization, plastic surgery has gained an increased use especially for aesthetic purpose. In the process there is use of skin tissue which is also known as skin grafting as one of the common procedure. In this cse it has been used for medial reconstruction purposes for patients who have experienced burns or other traumas. However, grafting of skin has also been used for aesthetic purposes. This reconstructive surgery plays a central role in the medical procedures for burns and traumatic injuries, or in remove of cancer or tumors. It also usually performed in order to improve the function and also to approximate the normal appearance of the organs. Reconstructive surgery has been successfully used by women in breast reconstruction in case they have mastectomy, in children or adults with cleft lip or palate lip, and in other contracture functions. (Adams, 1999) Unlike plastic surgery that is used for medical purposes, cosmetic surgery is used purpose for the enhancement of the appearance. It also uses medical procedure and medical techniques. Cosmetic surgery deals with the normal appearance and is usually carried out after plastic surgery in order to restore or to enhance the normal appearance of the person. It has gained worldwide use in the recent past as the world has been moving towards the enhancement of beauty. For example it is estimated that 11 million cosmetic surgeries were recorded to have been performed in the USA in 2006 alone. (Paolo, 2007) Plastic surgery and beauty The definition of the modern women takes into consideration many aspect but one of that h as to be beauty. Unlike in the past when women were defined by quality in many ways, this perception has changed and the body appeal of a woman has been increasingly used to define the modern woman. The beauty industry is definitely one of the rapidly growing industries in the world not only in the developed world but also in the developing world. Modern women are known to of to any extent in order to enhance their beauty. They will spend most of their time enhancing their look by using various make ups and other beauty apparatus. The modern technology has changed the social construction of a woman and has led to increased use of beauty enhancers. The standard of judging the beauty of a woman has been pegged not only on the make up that are used but also on the facial appearance. Therefore there has been increase use of plastic surgery in order toe enhance beauty. (Hainken, 1997) Beauty is not a construction of the modern society but it has been valued for along time in the world. During the time of Greek evolution, beauty was also valued and recommended for women. This has followed the history of the human kind and it can be traced to the cradle of human civilization. Aristotle once said that beauty

Flight deck interface Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Flight deck interface - Assignment Example The main point of concern is the viability of the respective individuals to use the new technologies effectively. For example, the voice recognition system serves as an extra pilot in the cockpit. However, the pilot may be distracted while trying to remember what a certain command means. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) considers the new technologies as a mandate rather than choice (Croft, 2011). The revolution in flight deck technology is laden with benefits and potential hazards that bring agreement and conflict between avionics manufacturers and the federal authorities. The benefits of the human-machine interactions enhance tactical operations towards the â€Å"no accident policy† from FAA (Croft, 2011). The voice recognition technology ensures that the pilot â€Å"does not have to take hands off the control wheel.† In addition, new technologies aim at reducing the clutter in the Primary Flight Display that displays too much information. Such unnecessary information can be confusing to the pilot. Avionics manufacturers assure the FAA that there is prototyping of a flight path marker, a technology that ensures only the information relevant to a specific phase of flight is displayed. Players in the avionics industry are certain that new technologies that enhance flight deck human-machine interaction are geared towards implementing the â€Å"no accident policy† by enhancing compatibility between the pilots and the cockpit technology. There exist potential hazards to the flight deck technologies that aim to enhance human-machine interaction. Avionics manufacturers raise issues regarding the manner in which humans troubleshoot and maintain the systems (Noyes, 2012). The human-machine interaction is limited to persistent design errors and the safety-critical applications for a particular system. In addition, it may be difficult to distinguish the roles of the hardware and software system from those of the human operator. Imbalances in

Aid impedes development, it does not promote it. Discuss Essay

Aid impedes development, it does not promote it. Discuss - Essay Example For the purpose of this essay, development is defined as â€Å"the process of eradicating factors that bring about hindrances to social, political and economic progress. These factors include poverty, unemployment, lack of access to education and health facilities to name but a few. (Pieterse, 2001, pg 15). Development in this regard collarets with the views of Sen (2001, pg 3) that states that â€Å"development is the process of expanding the real freedom people enjoy and it requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom such as tyranny, poor economic opportunities, systematic social deprivation and neglect of public facilities† This essay will be divided into two sections. Section one is dedicated to the understanding of the notion of aid; what it is, how it emerged and what are the factors driving its existence? Focus in section one will be on defining the term development aid, highlighting the different types of aid as well as presenting a brief history of aid. The objective of section one is to gain an in-depth understanding of the notion of development aid before scrutinising it. Section two is the crux of this essay. This section will essentially discuss the role of aid in development by presenting the views of proponents and opponents of aid. This section will essentially highlight the view points of different scholars on the subject of development aid. The main aim of this section is to present a balanced scrutiny of the role of aid by evaluating the debates that present both positive and negative impact of development aid. Noteworthy examples of how aid has impacted positively and negatively in development will also be highlighted. These examples are meant to act as evidence of the reality of aid so as to determine whether it impedes or promotes development. It is also in this section where alternatives to aid are briefly discussed before the conclusion of the essay is

College Is a Waste of Time and Money Essay Example for Free

College Is a Waste of Time and Money Essay 1. Affluence- Abundance of money, property and other material goods Permissive- Habitually or characteristically accepting or tolerant of something, as social behavior or linguistic usage, which others might disapprove or forbid Elitist- A person having, thought to have, or professing superior intellect or talent, power, wealth, or membership in the upper echelons of society 2. The time and money put into college are not balanced with the return rate. * Society has developed an unspoken standard that college is the best fit for upcoming adults and for them to achieve the highest education possible. But in fact, most students do not want to be there because they do not want to learn. * â€Å"no more than 25 percent of their students are turned on by classwork†¦up to 30% are in college reluctantly† * College has failed at its expectations and promises to give opportunities to students that most bargained for. * There is already a surplus of adult workers in the economy with more experience than the out-of-college student. Even with a degree in hand, graduated students do not have the upper hand over the experienced adults. * College education fails to ready students for the real because liberal arts is a religion rather than a preparation. * â€Å"A liberal-arts education is supposed to provide you with a value system, a standard, a set of ideas, not a job.† 3. College is an over-rated system that does not give out what a student gives in. 4. Based on the author’s logic, I do agree with the author’s argument. Although she uses a small amount of specific evidence, she reasons well and thoroughly. As society has developed, it has pushed for everyone to obtain the highest education possible, which most students aren’t prepared for nor will they continue with their degree. The world simply cannot go round with a population full of highly educated people.

AVON Case Analysis Essay -- Business Management Studies Essays

AVON Case Analysis Organizational Mission Avon wants to provide everyone with high quality and innovative health and beauty products as well as financial opportunities through sales representatives that are easily obtainable, in many ways, in every part of the world. Avon hopes by bringing these products to everyone everywhere through global markets the company can improve the quality of life for anyone around the world. Corporate Objectives Corporate objectives bring structure to a company’s operations so it will sustain growth, achieve its mission/vision and set the outcome and target for the company to achieve. Corporate objectives include financial and strategic objectives. Financial Objectives: Growth in Sales: In 2001 the success of the Goodbye to Breast Cancer lipstick campaign, inventory clearance programs, and the increase of active representatives acquired through the successful implementation of the Sales Leadership program resulted in revenues growing 5% from $5,682 million in 2000 to $5,958 million in 2001. The growth in sales was due to the 9% increase in units because of the success of the programs implemented that are mentioned above. Avon plans to increase sales annually by continuing to recruit Leadership Representatives around the world, utilizing the Internet to help these Representatives sell Avon products more efficiently, and extending the Avon brand to new products and possibly new channels. (3) Bigger profit margins: Lower sales in Latin America than expected and additional strategic spending on consumer marketing initiatives caused the slight decrease in profits for the 2001 year. The drop may have been a lot worse if it was not offset by considerable margin improve... ... 3/20/02 Vol 239 P. B12A 12. Direct Marketing, Garden City â€Å"Avon to Target Teens† November 2001Anonymous, Volume 64 Issue 7 p. 22 13. Investor Relation Business â€Å"Avon Ups Johansen† Editorial Staff, January 28, 2002, p.1 14. Brandweek, â€Å"Avon Calls on Upscale Women for Becoming† by Christine Bittar, August 13 2001, p.6 15. Quarterly Report (SEC for 10Q) 16. â€Å"Unbecoming† by Moreno, Katarzyna, Forbes, June 10, 2002 Vol. 169 Issue 13 17. Business and Company Resource Center â€Å"Cosmetics, Household, and Personal Care Products US outlook† Lewis May 2, 2002 18. â€Å"Alliance Formation with Direct Selling Companies: Avon and Mattel†, Lawrence B. Chonko, Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, Winter 99’ Vol.19 Issue 1 pg 51. 19. â€Å"Most admired Soap and Cosmetic Companies, 2002†. Fortuen, March 4, 2002. pg. 77

Steamboats In Louisiana :: essays research papers

STEAMBOATS IN LOUISIANA   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Robert Fulton started the very first commercially successful steamboat service in America. His steam-powered paddleboat, the Clermont, sailed up the Hudson River from New York City to Albany in August of 1807. This trip lasted 32 hours The first steamboats were demonstrated in1787. They were used on the river ways to bring cargo, cotton, sugar, and people to their destinations. The steamboat played a major part in the population growth. The steamboats were usually made of wood and were all kinds of sizes. They looked like giant floating houses with large smokestacks and paddlewheels. They were used for carrying people and supplies up and down the river.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Steamboats were later used as show boats for entertainment. The purchase of Louisiana in 1803 made New Orleans a part of the U.S. and opened the door to gamblers. The high life so popular in New Orleans spread north which ushered in the era of the riverboat gambler. By 1820, 69 steamboats were operating the western rivers. And by 1860, that number had increased to 735. These steamboats were christened â€Å"floating palaces with luxurious quarters, world class food well stoked bars and wealthy passengers. In1937 riverboat travel entered the passenger boat era. Calliopes were used on the boats to let people know that the boat was docked. The name â€Å"calliope† comes from the Greek goddess â€Å"muse of sound.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The paddle wheels were mounted either on the side or back of the boat. After the Civil War, the stern (back of the boat) paddle wheel was most popular. Although the paddle wheel is very large it draws just a few feet of water. The wheel spins about 18 times a minute with only four planks in the water for best speed. A steamboat travels about 15 miles an hour and 16 to 17 miles an hour on a swift river.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The very first paddle boats ran on wood. Coal replaced wood in 1860 and oil replaced coal in 1950. Many of the earl steamboats burned up because the fire used to create the steam would burn the boat. It took 250 pounds of steam just to blow the whistle. Maintenance for a 120 ton steamboat was $1,800, 36% of it was for wages paid to officers and crew members, 18% of it was for provisions, 12% of it was for incidentals and insurance, and the rest of it was for 25 cords of wood per day, at $2.

W-Planning(V1.3)

W-Planning(v1. 3) W-Planning (v1. 3) plug-in that Directory 1. 1 Data Production Part 2 The production of the source data 2 1. 1. 1 (1) GSM data format 2 (2) WCDMA 3 Data Format (3) 4 neighborhood data 1. 1. 2 Community information tables into MapInfo 5 1. 1. 2. 1 Public participation into 5 6 1. 1. 3 Update data 1. 1. 3. 1 Public Participation 6 to update the existing district 1. 1. 3. 2 Add the base station 7 1. 2 Basic functions 7 9 1. 2. 3 Planning Tools 1. 2. 3. 1 GSM frequency planning applications: 9 1. 2. 3. 2 WCDMA scrambling code planning application: 10 1. . 4 neighbor Tools: 11 1. 2. 4. 1 Database Analysis: 11 1. 2. 4. 2 to the neighbor relationship between positive and negative query and display 12 1. 2. 5 Simulation coverage analysis tool: 15 1. 2. 6 Tools 16 W-Planning (v1. 3) plug-in that Directory 1. 1 Data Production Part 2 The production of the source data 2 1. 1. 1 (1) GSM data format 2 (2) WCDMA 3 Data Format (3) 4 neighborhood data 1. 1. 2 Community information tables into MapInfo 5 1. 1. 2. 1 Public participation into 5 6 1. 1. 3 Update data 1. 1. 3. 1 Public Participation 6 to update the existing district 1. . 3. 2 Add the base station 7 1. 2 Basic functions 7 9 1. 2. 3 Planning Tools 1. 2. 3. 1 GSM frequency planning applications: 9 1. 2. 3. 2 WCDMA scrambling code planning application: 10 1. 2. 4 neighbor Tools: 11 1. 2. 4. 1 Database Analysis: 11 1. 2. 4. 2 to the neighbor relationship between positive and negative query and display 12 1. 2. 5 Simulation coverage analysis tool: 15 1. 2. 6 Tools 16 W-Planning is based on MapInfo plug-in plug-ins developed for WCDMA / GSM network settings check and optimization. The advantage is to show intuitive, easy to operate.Main features are: †¢ NodeB / BTS base stations, a map of the information; †¢ in accordance with the cell number, fuzzy station name to search the area; †¢ GSM frequency planning, WCDMA scrambling code planning; †¢ in accordance with the BSC (RNC) / LAC geog raphical boundaries of the simulation; †¢ Cell simulation coverage; †¢ 2/3G adjacent area optimization; †¢ One-way inspection and graphical adjacent areas; 1. 1 The production part of the data This section describes the production of the raw data CSV table format, and precautions 1. 1. 1 the production of source dataThe original cell information is CSV file, the workers into participating in a specific format, note the information must be accurate, especially in the items required. (1) GSM data format †¢ LAC_CI ———————————— cell ID items, such as 14466_55001, required; †¢ LAC ———————————– – LAC area, required; †¢ CI ————————————– cell number, such as 55001, are required; †¢ SITE_NO †”———————————- station number, optional; †¢ SITE_NAME ——————————— site name, equired; †¢ CELL_NAME ——————————– district name, such as water juncture -1, required; †¢ BSC ——————————————— attribution BSC , required; †¢ BSIC ——————————————- BSIC, required; †¢ BCCH —————————————- BCCH, required; †¢ TCH1 ~ TCH12 —————————— TCH frequency, required no filling 0 †¢ LONGIT UDE / LATITUDE ————— base station latitude and longitude, required †¢ AZIMUTH ———————————- azimuth, all the stations 360, change the fill †¢ LENGTH ————————————- geography of the area covered by the system; 1. 1 GSM_Site. csv [pic] ?1. 1 GSM_Site. csv (2) 2) WCDMA data format LAC_CI ————————————– cell ID items, such as 14466_55001, required; †¢ LAC ———————————– – LAC area, required; †¢ CI ————————————– cell number, such as 55001, are required; †¢ NodeBID —————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- station number, optional; †¢ NodeBName ——————————— site name, required; †¢ Cell_Name ——————————– district name, such as water juncture -1, required; †¢ RNCID ——————————————— RNC attribution , required; †¢ UARFCN —————————————- frequency, required; †¢ P-SC —————————– scrambling code, required †¢ Longitude / Latitude ————— base station latitude and longitude, required †¢ Azimuth ————————— ——- azimuth, all the stations 360, change the fill †¢ length ————————————- geography of the area covered by the system 1. 2 WCDMA_Site. csv [pic] ?1. 2 WCDMA_Site. csv Note: Please use the above base station naming attribute, otherwise it will cause read errors, the user can add other attributes any column, the column can be in no particular order.Users also can extend the range of properties for base station identification, such as routing area, configuration, antenna height, secondary carrier frequency, the next angle, coverage, business offices, district and other information sharing, these attributes column names and the content can be customized ((3) o-zone data Written examples bscname PT_BSC512 s_network 2G s_lac 14466 s_cellid 50272 sitename BS5027_JiangKouPingMin-27 d_network 2G d_lac 14353 d_cellid 10582 BCCH_UARFCN 110 bsic_psc 21 direction 2G_2G Note: s_network / d_net work complete specifications for the 2G (3G), direction complete specification 2G_2G/2G_3G/3G_3G/3G_2G 1. 2. 1 Open table command Description: There in the menu bar â€Å"open work table †¦ † command, or click on the button (below the toolbar (red).Execute this command, open the folder in the specified relevant Mapinfo Table. Of course, the Open menu in Mapinfo Table can also open the appropriate form, select the appropriate forms as needed Note: To open the form must be in the same directory [pic] 1. 1. 2. 1 Create Map With GSM_Site , : [pic] , Create Map With WCDMA_Site, Import Neighbor ,WCDMA, 1. 1. 3 Update Data Planning data often change, frequency and scrambling code operation of the existing network need to be updated. Relatively simple method of updating data. 1. 1. 3. 1 update existing community participation work Comes with mapinfo tools info_tool, click to edit the object (Figure 1. 1. 3. Modify cell data) as shown to directly modify => Save, and if, a cha nge in latitude and longitude, to refresh the layers, you can select the area has changed , then refresh the data menu as shown in Figure 1. 1. 3. 2), note the update position, must take LAC_CI, LAC, CI and other data filled out correctly Modify the cell data in Figure 1. 1. 3. 1[pic] ?1. 1. 3. 1 [pic] ?1. 1. 3. 2 1. 1. 3. 2 Add station The simplest way to change the layer is programmable, and then copy an existing base station, drag the newly added cell layer, and then modify the information, select the refresh, add the site to be completed [pic] 1. 2 Basic functions About shortcut buttons (1) to open the Layer (2) cell search (3) GSM frequency planning (on a frequency point) (4) GSM frequency planning (the next frequency point) 5) WCDMA scrambling code planning (on a scrambling code) (6) WCDMA scrambling code planning (the next scrambling code) (7) neighborhood search (forward search) (8) neighborhood search (reverse lookup) (9) BSC / RNC geographical boundaries of (10) LAC geogr aphical boundaries of (11) to open the Legend (12) file export Google Kml (13) refresh the layers 1. 2. 1 Open table command Description: There in the menu bar â€Å"open work table †¦ † command, or click on the button (below the toolbar (red). Execute this command, open the folder in the specified relevant Mapinfo Table. Of course, the Open menu in Mapinfo Table can also open the appropriate form, select the appropriate forms as neededNote: To open the form must be in the same directory [pic] 1. 2. 2 Cell Search Selected as shown above, to find Select the network you want to find, enter the district number, district name to search, exact match, it will center the display, and displays the corresponding Messagel, as shown below (Find Wat Stone Town -1 cell) [pic] , [pic] [pic] 1. 2. 3 Planning Tools 1. 2. 3. 1 GSM frequency planning application: 12 carrier configuration tool can query the plot, the use of red, blue, and green display BCCH, TCH1 to TCH12 frequency planni ng situation. Related commands â€Å"Find frequency† â€Å"Find previous frequency† â€Å"Find next frequency† Query results as follows.And the tool also provides the relevant shortcut button (upper-state frequency point on a P / N under what frequency) [pic] 1. 2. 3. 2 WCDMA scrambling code planning application: Tools can be found scrambling code 1-512, using red, blue, and green shows the planning of PSC, by way of scrambling code planning, you can choose +1, +8 two kinds of presentation. Related commands â€Å"Find psc† â€Å"Find previous psc† â€Å"Find next psc† Query as shown below† [pic] [pic] 1. 2. 4 neighbor Tools: Neighbor Tools main menu as shown below, it allows the entire network neighbor data analysis, forward and backward neighbor relationship query and display; single neighborhood query (2/3G) [pic] 1. 2. 4. 1 Database Analysis: Find Single Way neighbor† One-way analysis of whole web of neighbor problem. Analysi s of the data sheet relates only to Neighbor. Neighbor data must include the column, the data related to the source cell, target cell data, as follows: Source cell data: bscname, s_network, s_lac, s_cellid Target cell data: d_network, d_lac, d_cellid Global mark: direction Interface as follows: (1) Export Single Direction_neighbor. csv report export-way adjacent areas, in the C: / OneWay. csv (2) Show Single Direction neighbor sub-project is complete, one-way adjacent areas of geographical graphical, easy and intuitive, reducing much of the inspection process. : [pic] 1. 2. 4. to the neighbor relationship between positive and negative query and display Neighbor relations tool Mapinfo query must be used, as long as the map with this tool, click on the desired CELL query area, and then use the command shown below to complete the normal or reverse neighbor queries display. â€Å"Displpay Neighbors for a selected cell†: a positive neighbor relations for query and display (cut out ). â€Å"Displpay a cell Neighbors in backward†: reverse-neighbor relations for query and display (cut into). As a way users can also choose to use shortcut keys to execute commands the way (1) GSM neighbor search The following is a GSM cell positive effect chart to find Description: The gray lines for the 2G_2G the adjacent area, the green line to the adjacent area between 2G_3G Following is a GSM cell reverse lookup renderingsDescription: The gray lines in the neighborhood for the 2G_2G, brown lines, the neighborhood relations for the 3G_2G (2) WCDMA neighbor search The following is a forward lookup renderings WCDMA cell Description: The red line is 3G_3G the neighborhood, brown lines, the neighborhood relations for the 3G_2G The following are renderings WCDMA cell reverse lookup Description: The red line is 3G_3G the adjacent area, the green line to the adjacent area between 2G_3G [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] 1. 2. 5 Simulation coverage analysis tool: Daily work, we often need to have a network coverage about understanding, such as the division of each BSC, LAC region division, as well as analog cellular coverage area, etc. this tool can be achieved BSC / LAC zone automatic calculation simulation program areas, marked with different colors. Function menu as follows: BSC designated Area Picture (LAC similar), as follows: Tool can match Toolmate â€Å"Embed Thematic in map† shows the legend layer, which is more convenient to view the results as follows : [pic] BS [pic] Toolmate †Embed Thematic in map † , , : [pic] 1. 2. 6 [pic] (1. 2. 6 Tools (1) â€Å"Embed Thematic in map† layers within the legend display (2) â€Å"Export mapinfo2google† The picture shows the export mapinfo google Note that this operation requires you to not to maximize and minimize the window, the window as shown below, and shown that all the objects for display operation,

Economic History and Current India Essay

There have been recent studies of the entire history of the economy of india where it is possible to ananlyse where india stood its place in past and where it is currently held. Paul Birog made a thorough analysis of Asian countries GDP economic development of 1750-1918 where surprisingly the findings in 1700AD drawn economic statistics of world . China had 32. 8% GDP where as as india had 25% . UK at that time had 1. 8% GDP along with 1% GDP in USA. By the time of 1900 there was a total reversal of paradigm shift where US and UK had GDP growth of 41% whereas China and India suffered 1. 7% GDP overall. The western research shows that india was a economic giant . London economist Angus Madisson in 1990, one of the greatest british economist of all time was appointed by the OECD nations to verify Paul Birogs research along with different levels of assistances from different countries. Eventually in 2010 he published a 2000 year economy of India where it showed from 1AD India topped thed world with 34% GDP. Still in 1000AD it had 28% GDP. In the years 1500 and 1600 china overtakes india. Again in 1700 india overtakes china and finally the entire crash of the Indian economy began later in 1750’s where the british colonial overlords landed in the country and started looting the country and exploiting its resources. The OECD website refers in the â€Å"world economic history and millennium perspective† lists out all these information which have been quoted before. It is one of the most trusted and relied upon website to refer to the statistics of the world economies. Although the word society is absent completely in western society where Margaret Thatcher said in 1971, that there is nothing called as society. And today all the western accepts today is the alternate version of so called civil society. Now civil society is totally different from the traditional society where it can be suggested that it is a form of ‘anti society’. Civil society which is the current western trend is based on social contractual theory, which all the institution are based including out democratic government where each citizen is recognized as co-citizen in country rather than mutual brotherhood based society. For eg. In USA, in Philedelphia, a Son can file a case against his own father for divorce of relationship and can achieve his claim since there is no cultural society, it is a civil society where 2 people are viewed as co-citizens rather with any blood and brotherly relationship. The complete western understanding, their institutions, sociology, individualism, constitutional theory of west does not recognize normal basic human relationship. But whereas our Indian society has always been working entirely on human relations since the ages of time where india showed a huge economic superpower with traditional society. Today since Indian government which is puppying around the western ideology fail to realize that they are taking the economy of the nation into a huge catastrophy. In 1993, when Manmohan Singh was the finance minister invited jagadish bhagavati a neo economist from USA, who formed the entire Duncan WTO treaty for the situation crisis in india with its economic situation. He suggested that the problem with Indian people is that they are saving more than need which comes around 23%GDP,out of which 19 % GDP were only saved by Indians. His advise included to bring down the savings of the people by different means of taxations and other techniques to 9-10%. Out of which this 9 -10% should only be focused on food, shelter like basic needs and increase productions by employing more people and made a whole theory model on that. His theory on Indian situation stated that unless you destroy the family saving of the Indian people and bring it down to half of it, there was no chance of development. He also made a research on the Indian families that Indian woman played a vital role in taking hold of the savings of her family expenditures. So his ideas proposed to change the mentality of the reserved family woman to consumer based woman where she can be advertised to spend more of our money and change the family structure symmetrically in Indian society. In western society there is no propensity to save money assets, thus as a result many families are destroyed. Today 51% Americans are single parent family, out of which 41% children are born to unwed mothers, 20% born for school going children. 51% of the American people are dependent on government support on life insurance, health support etc. where as Indian people have always been dependent on society. Moreover the western economy is build on contractual interest based constitutional society which has led to time bomb ticking economy is USA and other European countries. Today the present scenario has changed the entire habitual thinking process of the people in India. They have a huge affiliated love towards the western society and its features less realizing the suicidal catastrophic and destructive features of its empire. The govt. in India always claim to be globalizing with the world but in reality, india is Americanizing by focusing only on American economic model. There are other traditional society based economies like Japan and germany wherr they instead of manipulating the crowd, they motivate their savings in their family and encourage only the financial institutions to put up money in trades of stock market. There is a huge commonality between the german or Japanese structure of economic history of rich cultural based society which our country could have adopted for the people but current democractic model is partially by the people but it has terribly failed to be for the people by inviting the civil society in our country. Indian economies,constitutions, institutions,sociology, philosophy, education etc all are based on the government economic blueprint of those same people who looted the country, colonized it and then destroyed the Indian GDP. CONCLUSION There are fraternity based economic models in this world with which we share commonality and our ideas should be to have a wider understanding of the world with whom we relate culturally and socially and only then our economic model can be aligned to them to achieve prosperity and serenity in our country.

E-Research Proposal Hand Book.Pdf

Hand Book Of M. S / M. Phil & Ph. D Research Proposal / Synopsis Compiled By: Mr. Nasir Shaheen Additional Registrar & Mr. Ijaz Ahmad Coordinator M. Phil / Ph. D Programs Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar. e Left Blank Intentionally 4 Preface As a rule, the main components of a research study are nearly the same in all disciplines throughout the world. Though, various styles of referencing and citation are used by the researchers in their research work i. e.APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Turabian etc. Nonetheless, every established university develops its own customized format for its students’ facilitation in presentation of research proposals and theses. This handbook is compiled to facilitate the M. S / M. Phil and Ph. D students of Qurtuba University in developing their research proposals and to bring an overall uniformity in their research proposals. The format suggested in this handbook is mandatory for all M. S / M. Phil and Ph. D. students to develop and submit their proposal for approval of Board of Advanced Studies and Research (BOASAR).Further, the students are required to prepare their research proposal under the supervision of their respective supervisors. The purpose of the research proposal / synopsis is to help the scholars to focus and define their research plans. A well developed research proposal needs to include certain basic components, in which a number of questions are to be addressed. Why research on the proposed topic should be undertaken and what gains are likely to be achieved? What has been done previously in this or related areas? What are the objectives of the study and how these will be achieved? What methodology is to be used to carry out the study?An extensive initial exercise should help in designing a sound research project, which is likely to make a significant contribution in successful completion of M. S / M. Phil and Ph. D. research. 1 1 – Preliminary Section 1. 1 Title Page: The title page of the research proposal / synopsis should include title of the research project, name of the student (with qualifications), name of the supervisor(s), place of work and date (month and year) of submission. The topic for research should be selected carefully. It should be specific and well formulated in order to show the nature of work involved as far as possible (See Sample) . 2 Certificates: The following certificates should be attached after title page: i – Detailed Marks Sheet (part of the proposal) iii – Approval Certificate (as a part of the proposal / synopsis) 1. 3 (See sample) Table of Contents: List the sections of proposal / synopsis and page references. Use hierarchy of titles and sub titles. 2 2 – Body of Research Proposal / Synopsis 2. 1 Introduction: It should provide a brief description to introduce the area of the proposed research work and provide background information relating to the social / political / historical / educational / organizational (etc) context of the study. . 2 Literature Review: A review of the relevant literature showing the work done previously in the area of proposed research is essential to plan further research effectively. The information given in the review should be supported by references. The function of the literature review is to show your supervisor and the department that you are aware of significant writers / researchers in the field, and to indicate which issues / topics you will focus on in your review. Literature review is not expected to be extensive for the proposal / synopsis.You should demonstrate critical analysis and your review should be shaped by your argument and should seek to establish your theoretical orientation. 2. 3 Research Problem / Questions: A concise research problem statement that, in one to three sentences, describes specifically what the problem is that you intend to solve. It explains what problems or issues you wish to explore and why you wish to ex plore them. 3 2. 4 Research Objective: The General /Global Objective should state the expected contribution of the research to the general body of knowledge in the subject area.The Specific Objectives should state how specifically the general objectives will be achieved. 2. 5 Hypotheses (Optional): The students may include hypothesis of the study in their proposal depending on the nature of the research. Hypotheses should be in the form of Null Hypothesis (H0) and Alternate Hypothesis (H1). 2. 6 Methodology: The Methodology section is very important because it documents how you plan to tackle your research problem. Depending on the nature and the underlying methodological pproach to be adopted for the proposed research work the followings may be documented in this section: Research Design and Method †¢ Indicate which research design is to be adopted/used (if any) †¢ Is the research QUANTITATIVE or QUALITATIVE in nature in terms of the methodology? †¢ Discuss and justi fy your choice of research method †¢ Highlight and discuss the relevance of the adopted method to your study †¢ Describe how the adopted method will be applied Research Type †¢ Is the research Explorative, Descriptive, Causal or a Case study method? Techniques / Tools /Approaches / Instrumentation/Devices Which techniques, tools/instruments, approaches etc will be adopted and used to develop/produce, present/demonstrate the expected results of the proposed study †¢ Highlight and discuss the relevance of these techniques /tools / instruments /approaches to your study. 4 †¢ Describe how these techniques/tools/ instruments or approaches will be applied or used Data Collection Methods (if applicable) †¢ Clearly indicate as to whether you are going to use primary or secondary data †¢ Indicate what does primary or secondary data mean (i. e. provide a theoretical perspective). †¢ Identify the secondary data which you are going to use for your study.P opulation and Sampling Procedures (if applicable) †¢ Identify and document the population or reference for the study. In case of different components of the population, clearly indicate this †¢ Discuss the various sampling frames, types and techniques that will be adopted including an indication of the type of statistical data analysis that will be carried out to analyze the results In brief the guiding principle for writing the methodology section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether the methodology is sound. It may well be the longest section of your proposal. . 7 Significance of the Study: While documenting the significance of the research you need to indicate how your research will refine, revise, or extend the frontiers of existing knowledge in the area under investigation. Note that such refinements, revisions, or extensions may have substantive, theoretical, or methodological significance. The documentation of the sign ificance of the study should, among other things, address the following questions: †¢ What are the specific, significant, unique/major contributions that the proposed research work will make to the area/body of knowledge? What will be the expected results/outcome of the proposed research? †¢ What will be the practical implications/use of the expected results/outcome? †¢ How will the expected results/outcome of the study be implemented, including a statement on its possible impact and on what innovations will come about through its implementation (if any)? 5 †¢ What areas/directions of further/subsequent research work are likely to arise from the expected outcome/findings or results of the proposed study? †¢ What will be improved or changed as a result of the proposed research work? . 8 Limitation: Document the potential weaknesses or the possible limitations of the expected results/outcome of the proposed study and the limitations of the approaches, procedur es, methods etc to be adopted to achieve the expected results of the proposed study. Also to be included are statements relating to issues, factors beyond the control of the study. 2. 9 References & Bibliography: A section listing relevant references on which the research proposal is based should be included. Only references cited in the text are to be included in the reference list. The tudents of Social Sciences should use APA style for citation while students of Linguistics and Literature should use MLA Style for citation. The student should add the relevant Bibliography in the last part after References in alphabetical order. 2. 10 Student Profile: A comprehensive student profile consisting of bio data, educational qualification and professional background of the student should be the last part of the proposal. The student profile should be made as per suggested format. [see sample] 6 3 – Referencing and Citation – For Social Sciences All the students of Social Sci ences i. . Management Sciences, Political Sciences, International Relations and Education are required to use the following style of referencing and citation in their proposals. (The basic concept is taken from APA style of referencing) 3. 1 Handling Quotes in the Text †¢ Short quotations (fewer than 40 words) are incorporated into the text and enclosed by double quotation marks (â€Å" †). †¢ Long quotations (more than 40 words) are typed in a double-spaced block with no quotation marks. Indent five spaces and type the entire quotation on the indented margin without the usual opening paragraph indentation.Give citation information in parentheses ( ) after last sentence in block quotation, with no punctuation following parentheses. If you have a quote within a short quote, enclose it in single quotation marks (‘ ‘). If you have a quote within a block quotation, enclose it in double quotation marks (â€Å" †). †¢ †¢ †¢ Ellipsis point s (†¦) are used to indicate material omitted from the body of a quotation, but should not be used at the beginning or end of a quotation. 3. 2 In-Text Citation Citations within the text of your paper refer the reader to an alphabetical reference list at the end of the paper.APA format uses the author-date method of citation. The author’s last name and the publication date are inserted at the appropriate point in the text, following the material cited. Suffixes such as PhD. or Jr. are not included. Works by a single author: If the author is mentioned in the paper, provide the year of publication in ( ) just after the name: Ex: Hacking (1998) covers material on public record about chronic fatigue syndrome. If the author is not mentioned in the paper, at the end of the quote or paraphrase use the author’s last name and the year, separated by a comma:Ex: The article covers material on public record about chronic fatigue syndrome (Hacking, 1998). If both the author and the date are mentioned in the text, a parenthetical reference is not needed. Ex: In a 1993 article, Gould explains Darwin’s most successful theory. 7 For exact quotations, cite specific page numbers following the year. Ex: Emily Bronte â€Å"expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social† (Taylor, 1988, p. 11). For paraphrased passages, page numbers are encouraged, but not required. The year is required. For an online source with no pagination:If page numbers are not provided on an electronic source, use the abbreviation â€Å"para. † to indicate the paragraph location of direct quotes. Ex: In exchange for that cooperation, authorities have recommended a sentence of 15 years in prison (Hayes, 2009, para. 4). Works by two authors: Provide the last names of both authors. Use the word â€Å"and† to separate the names in the sentence, and use an & to separate their names in the parenthetical citation. Ex: As Sul livan and Thomas (1998) point out†¦ Ex: The turmoil in the Middle East is the result of politics (Sullivan & Thomas, 1998). Works by more than two authors:Use the last names of all authors in the first citation. Then, in all following citations, include only the last name of the first author followed by â€Å"et al. † Ex: Writing becomes better as the child matures (Britton, Thomas, & Miller, 1996). Ex: According to Britton et al. (1996), a child s writing improves over time. Works with no author identified: When a work has no author identified, cite the first two or three words of the reference list entry followed by the year. The first entry is usually the title. Italicize the title of a periodical or book; use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter.Ex: in the book Language Use (1991). Ex: article on language use (â€Å"World languages,† 1993). Secondary Sources: When a work mentions another, previously published work, acknowledge the o riginal author in your text, but give the source you are using in the reference list. Use the phrase â€Å"as cited in† for your in-text reference. Ex: As Villa points out, â€Å"Perhaps the conflict seems so strong because the stakes are so low† (as cited in Affleck, Allen, & Della, 1996). Personal Communication (Including letters, e-mail, and interviews): Do not add this information to your reference list. You should cite the information in text only.Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide an exact date: Ex: L. J. Smith (personal communication, September 20, 2009). Ex: (A. N. Jones, personal communication, March 18, 2009). 8 3. 3 Reference List: BOOKS Note: In titles of books in the reference list, capitalize only the first word of the title, the first word after a colon, and proper nouns. Author’s name. (publication date). Title. City and state of publication: Publisher. Books by one author Ex: Alvarez, M. (1999). The trip wi thin. New York, NY: Random House. In-text citation: (Alvarez, 1999). Books by two to even authors Authors’ names in the order in which they appear. (date). Title of publication. City and state: Publisher. Ex: Strunk, W. , Jr. , Jones, T. , & White, E. B. (1979). The elements of style (3rd ed. ). New York, NY: Macmillan. In-text citation: (Strunk, Jones, & White, 1979). List the first six authors, then insert three ellipsis points, and add the last Author’s name. Books with 8 or more authors Ex: Engberg, M. , Dugan, J. P. , Haworth, J. , Williams, T. , Kelly, B. , Johnson, W. , †¦ Stewart, S. (2009). Navigating the complexity of higher education in preparation program administration.San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. First in-text citation: (Engberg, Dugan, Haworth, Williams, Kelly, Johnson, Smith, & Stewart, 2009). Subsequent in-text citations: (Engberg, et al. , 2009). Alphabetize group authors by the first significant word of the name. Books by a group, (date). Tit le. City: Publisher (When the author and publisher are institutional, or the same, use the word â€Å"Author† as the name of the publisher). corporate authors Ex: Springhouse Corporation. (2002). Assessment made incredibly easy. Springhouse, PA: Author. In-text citation: (Springhouse Corporation, 2002).For a book with an editor but no author, begin with the name of the editor (or editors) followed by the abbreviation â€Å"Ed. † (or â€Å"Eds. † for more than one editor) in parentheses. Books with Editors Ex: Duncan, G. J. , & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds. ). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. In-text citation: (Duncan & Brooks-Gunn, 1997). 9 Ex: Haybron, D. M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of subjective well- being. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds. ), The science of subjective well-being (pp. 17-43). New York, NY: Guilford Press. In-text citation: (Haybron, 2008).Cite as you normally would, but add information about the e ditor in parentheses after the book title. A book written by an Ex: Plath, Sylvia. (2000). The unabridged journals (K. V. Kukil, Ed. ). author but overseen by an New York, NY: Anchor. editor For a book with a chapter written by an author but edited by another person In-text citation: (Plath, 2000). 3. 4 Reference List: ARTICLES Author’s name. (date). Title of chapter or entry. In Editors (Eds. ), Title of reference book. (Vol. #, pp. #). Location: Publisher. Article or entry in a reference book Ex: Field, T. (2002). Child abuse and neglect. In A. Kazdin (Ed. , Encyclopedia of psychology. (Vol. 2, pp. 61-65). Washington, D. C. : Oxford. In-text citation: (Field, 2002). Ex: Schizophrenia. (1983). In A. Kazdin (Ed. ), The encyclopedia of psychology. (Vol. 10, p. 104). New York, NY: Wiley. In-text citation: (Schizophrenia, 1983). Scholarly journals are often published by volume, and page numbers may continue throughout the year instead of beginning each issue with page 1. After t he italicized title of the journal, give the volume number (also italicized, but do not use Vol. ) followed by the page numbers at the end of the citation (do not use pp. ) Articles in scholarly Author(s). (date).Title of article. Title of Periodical or Journal, volume journals and periodicals #, page #s. paginated by volume Ex: Spitch, M. L. , Verzy, H. N. , & Wilkie, D. M. (1993). Subjective shortening: A model of pigeon s memory for event duration. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 9, 14-66. Articles in journals paginated by issues In-text citation: (Spitch, Verzy, & Wilkie, 1993). When each issue of a journal begins with page 1, include the issue number in paranthesesAuthor. (date). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume # (issue #), page #s. Ex: Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 0 News magazines are usually published weekly or monthly. Note the month (and date, if given), along with the year. Remember to include vo lume and issue numbers if available. Articles in magazines (7. 01. 7) Articles in newspapers (7. 01. 7) Ex: Cortese, A. (1998, January 26). There’s more than one way to play monopoly. Business Week, 3562(1), 36. In-text citation: (Cortese, 1998). Begin with the name of the author, if one is given, followed by the year, month, and day of publication. Page numbers are introduced with â€Å"p. † (or â€Å"pp. † for multiple pages). Ex: Haney, D. Q. (1998, February 20). Finding eats at mystery of appetite.The Oregonian, pp. A1, A17. In-text citation: (Haney, 1998). 3. 5 Reference List: ELECTRONIC SOURCES (Including: Web sites, electronic books, Pro Quest, EBSCO host and other library databases) If you cannot find some of this information for your reference, cite what is available. Note: The updated guidelines for electronic sources state that the digital object identifier number (DOI) must be included if one is assigned. â€Å"A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet† (American Psychological Association, 2010, 189).Note: If a DOI is available, use it at the end of a citation. If it is not available, use the URL of the web site from which the information was retrieved. Note: Retrieval dates are only necessary if the information will prove difficult to find again due to revision (ex. Wikis). Note: Titles of documents or articles are not in italics and only the first word is capitalized. Titles of journals and other periodicals are to be written in italics and all major words are capitalized. Titles of web sites are capitalized but not in italics. 11 Author(s). (Date of Publication). Title of document. Retrieved from electronic addressEx: Shiltz, T. (2002). Strategies for prevention and early intervention of male eating disorders. Retrieved from http://nationaleatingdisorders. org/p. asp? WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID= 41172 Web sit e (Not a periodical article) Articles from an online journal Articles from an online magazine U. S. government report from a government agency Web site An online video In text citation: (Shiltz, 2002). Ex: Butler, Heidi. (2009, November 19). Pennsylvania professor of the year. Retrieved from http://www. northampton. edu/Northampton- NOW/What-anHonor. htm In text citation: When referring to a specific piece of nformation, include paragraph numbers in the reference. Use â€Å"para. † Example: (Butler, 2003, paras. 2-3). Author(s). (Year of Publication). Title of article. Journal Title, Volume Number (Issue Number), pages if available. Retrieved from electronic address Ex: Royce, W. S. , Gebelt, J. L. , & Duff, R. W. (2003). Female athletes: Being both athletic and feminine. Athletic Insight, 5(1), 5662. Retrieved from http://www. athleticinsight. com/VOL5Iss1/FeminineAthl etes. htm In text citation: (Royce, Gebelt, & Duff, 2003). Author(s). (Date of Publication). Title of artic le. Title of Magazine, Volume Number (if given) (Issue Number), page(s).Retrieved from electronic address. Ex: Rauch, J. (2002, May). The marrying kind. The Atlantic Online, 289(5). Retrieved from http://www. theatlantic. com/issues/2002/05/rauch. htm In text citation: (Rauch, 2002). Ex: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms. (2002). ATF accountability report, 2001. Retrieved from http://www. atf. gov/pub/gen_pub/2001annrpt/fy2001an nrpt. pdf In text citation: First citation: (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms [ATF], 2002). Second and subsequent citations: (ATF, 2002). Ex: Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file]. Retreived from 2 http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=Vja83KLQXZs A blog post In-text citation: (Norton, 2006). Ex: Grohol, J. M. (2009, November 17). The psychology of terrorism [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://psychcentral. com/blog/archives/2009/11/17/thepsychology-of-terrorism/ In-text citation: (Grohol, 20 09). Author(s). (Year of publication). Title [information about format or version if available]. doi or website that document was retrieved from. Online Book (E-Book) Ex: Thompson, Art. (1997). The stompbox. Retrieved from http://www. netlibrary. com/ In text citation: (Thompson, 1997). Ex: Schinraldi, G. R. (2001).The post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: A guide to healing, recovery, and growth [Adobe Digital Editions version]. doi: 10. 1036/0071393722 In text citation: (Schinraldi, 2001). 3. 6 Reference List: MEDIA Single episode from television series Video Ex: Astrof, J. & Ottesen, P. (Writers), & Burrows, J. (Director). (1994). The one with the blackout [Television series episode]. In K. Bright, M. Kauffman, & D. Crane (Executive producers), Friends. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. In-text citation: (Astrof, Ottesen, & Burrows, 1994). Ex: Thomas, J. & McLaren, M. (Producers), & Linklater, R. (Director). (2006).Fast Food Nation [DVD]. Beverly Hills, CA: Twenti eth Century Fox Home Entertainment. In-text citation: (Thomas, McLaren, & Linklater, 2006). 13 3. 7 Reference List: GENERAL REFERENCE DATABASES Please note: The name of the database used and the date the article was retrieved is no longer needed. Including: Britannica Online, Credo Reference, and Gale Virtual Reference Library Child care. (2001). In World of Sociology, Gale. Retrieved from http://www. credoreference. com In text citation: (â€Å"Child care,† 2001). Steinberg, Laurence. (2001). Parent-child relationships. In B. Strickland (Ed. ), The Gale encyclopedia of psychology (2nd ed. pp. 473477). Retrieved from http://go. galegroup. com In text citation: (Steinberg, 2001) 3. 8 Reference List: GENERAL SUBJECT DATABASES General reference format: Author, A. A. , Author, B. B. , & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of periodical, xx, pp-pp. doi: xx. xxxxxxxxxx Please note: If there is not a digital object identification number (DOI), include the home page of the database in the reference. Use this format: Retrieved from http://www†¦ Including: Pro Quest Central and EBSCOhost Examples (without DOI): Edmondson, J. (2002). The will of the people. The Reading Teacher, 55(5), 452-454.Retrieved from http://proquest. umi. com In text citation: (Edmondson, 2002). Saldinger, A. , Cain, A. , & Porterfield, K. (2003, Summer). Managing traumatic stress in children anticipating parental death. Psychiatry, 66(2), 168. Retrieved from http://proquest. umi. com In text citation: First citation: (Saldinger, Cain, & Porterfield, 2003). Subsequent citations: (Saldinger et al. , 2003). Example (with DOI): Fox, K. , Gover, A. , & Kaukinen, C. (2009). The effects of low self-control and childhood maltreatment on stalking victimization among men and women. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(3/4), 181-197. doi:10. 007/s12103009-9064-4 In text citation: (Fox, Gover & Kaukinen, 2009 14 3. 9 Reference List: CURRENT/CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES DATABASES CQ Research er Clemmitt, M. (2009, August 28). Health-care reform. CQ Researcher, 19, 693-716. Retrieved from http://library. cqpress. com In-text citation: (Clemmitt, 2009) (magazine—â€Å"Issues and Controversies†) Child care. (2009, October 22). Issues and Controversies on File. Retrieved from http://www. 2facts. com In-text citation: (â€Å"Child care,† 2009) Facts on File (magazine—â€Å"Today’s Science†) A reverse on reverse revolution? (2009, November). Today’s Science. Retrieved from http://www. 2facts. comIn-text citation: (â€Å"A reverse on reverse revolution? ,† 2009) (â€Å"World News Digest†) Swine flu: U. S. begins vaccinations. (2009, October 15). Facts on File World News Digest. Retrieved from http://www. 2facts. com In-text citation: (â€Å"Swine flu,† 2009) Horrigan, J. B. (2003). The Internet fosters online communities. In J. D. Torr (Ed. ), Current Controversies: The Information Age (n. p. ). San Diego, C A: Greenhaven Press. Retrieved from http://find. galegroup. com In-text citation: (Horrigan, 2003) Opposing Viewpoints ACLU urges Senate committee. (1999). In T. O Neill (Ed. ), Opposing Viewpoints Digests Series: Biomedical Ethics (n. . ). San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. Retrieved from http://find. galegroup. com In-text citation: (â€Å"ACLU urges Senate committee,† 1999). Epstein, E. (2005, March 23). Left and right united to challenge Patriot Act provisions. San Francisco Chronicle, p. A3. Retrieved from http://find. galegroup. com In-text citation: (Epstein, 2005) 15 3. 10 Reference List: SUBJECT-SPECIFIC DATABASES Access Science Ex: Stack, S. M. & Anderson, L. K. Chromosome. doi:10. 1036/1097-8542. 134900 In text citation: (Stack & Anderson, 2000). The African American Experience Ex: Loucky, J. , Armstrong, J. , & Estrada, L. J. (2006). Asylum.In Immigration in America today: An encyclopedia (n. p. ). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Retrieved from http://aae. greenwood. com In text citation: (Loucky, Armstrong, & Estrada, 2006). Author(s). (Date of Publication). Title of report (Accession No. xx). Location: Publisher. Retrieved from http://search. ebscohost. com Ex: Unruh, D. , Bullis, M. , Todis, B. , Waintrup, M. , Atkins, T. , & National Center on Secondary Education and Transition. (2007). Programs and practices for special education students in alternative education settings (Accession No. ED495869). Research to Practice Brief 6(1). National Center on SecondaryEducation and Transition (NCSET), University of Minnesota. Retrieved from http://search. ebscohost. com ERIC First in text citation: (Unruh, Bullis, Todis, Waintrup, Atkins, & National Center on Secondary Education and Transittion, 2001). Subsequent citations: (Unruh et al. , 2001). Ex: Dunlap, G. , & Bunton-Pierce, M. (1999). Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) (Accession No. Washington, D. C. : Office of ED436068). Special Education and Rehabilitative Services (ED). Retrieved fr om http://search. ebscohost. com In text citation: (Dunlap & Bunton-Pierce, 1999). 16 History Databases: US Ex: O’Brien, P. (2000).Viewpoint: Yes, internment of Japanese Americans was necessary for national security because some of them were suspected of disloyalty (Document No. BT2306200089). In R. J. Allison (Ed. ), History in dispute: Vol. 3. American social and political movements, 1900-1945. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. Retrieved from http://galenet. galegroup. com In-text citation: (O’Brien, 2000). Hoover’s Online Ex: Murray, B. (n. d. ). Just Born Inc. Retrieved from http://premium. hoovers. com In-text citation: (Murray, n. d. ). CINAHL Ex: Frame, K. (2003). Empowering preadolescents with ADHD: Demons or delights (Accession No. 2003096143).Advances in Nursing Science 26(2), 131-139. Retrieved from search. ebscohost. com In-text citation: (Frame, 2003). PsycArticles Ex: Alderfer, C. P. (2003). The science and nonscience of Psychologists’ responses t o The Bell Curve. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 34(3). 287-293. doi:10. 1037/0735-7028. 34. 3. 287 In-text citation: (Alderfer, 2003). PubMed Central Ex: Weiss, M. , & Murray, C. (2003). Assessment and management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Canadian Medical Association Journal 168(6). 715-722. Retrieved from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov In-text citation: (Weiss & Murray, 2003).Westlaw Campus Ex: Lobel, J. (2002). The war on terrorism and civil liberties. University of Pittsburgh Law Review. Retrieved from http://campus. westlaw. com In-text citation: (Lobel, 2002). 17 4 – Referencing and Citation – For Literature and Linguistics Reference citation in the text should be as follows. The citation should be as brief as possible while directing the reader to the correct reference. †¢ †¢ More than one author with same name Add the first initial (or full first name if initial is the same): (A. Patterson 183; L. Patterso n 230) †¢ Two or three authors Give all author names: (Rabking, Greenberg, and Olander vii) †¢ 4. 1Single author Simply use Name followed by any relevant page number: (Marcuse 197) In text: Tannen has argued this point (178–85) More than three authors Follow the bibliographic entry: (Lauter et al. 2425) or all last names if given Books A Book by a Single Author Fukuyama, Francis. Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. New York: Farrar, 2002. An Anthology or a Compilation Lopate, Phillip, ed. The Art of the Personal Essay: An Anthology from the Classical Era to the Present. New York: Anchor-Doubleday, 1994. Spafford, Peter, comp. and ed. Interference: The Story of Czechoslovakia in the Words of Its Writers.Cheltenham: New Clarion, 1992. Two or More Books by the Same Author (Use three hyphens followed by period and then title, or comma and ed. †¦ if necessary) Borroff, Marie. Language and the Past: Verbal Artistry in Frost, Stevens, a nd Moore. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1979. —, trans. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. New York: Norton, 1967. —, ed. Wallace Stevens: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1963. 18 A Book by Two or More Authors Eggins, Suzanne, and Diana Slade. Analysing Casual Conversation. London: Cassell, 1997. If there are more than three authors, you may name only the first and add et al. â€Å"and others†), or you may give all names in full in the order in which they appear on the title page. Gilman, Sander, et al. Hysteria beyond Freud. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993. Or Gilman, Sander, Helen King, Roy Porter, George Rousseau, and Elaine Showalter. Hysteria beyond Freud. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993. Repeat names in full if the same person is part of a different authorship. Do not use three hyphens unless the total authorship is the same A Book by a Corporate Author American Medical Association. The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed. Charles B. Layman. New York: Random, 1989.A Work in an Anthology Allende, Isabel. â€Å"Toad’s Mouth. † Trans. Margaret Sayers Peden. A Hammock beneath the Mangoes: Stories from Latin America. Ed Thomas Colchie. New York: Plume, 1992. 83–88. Often the works in anthologies have been published before. If you wish to inform your reader of the date when a previously published piece other than a scholarly article first appeared, you may follow the title of the piece with the year of original publication and a period. Franklin, Benjamin. â€Å"Emigration to America. † 1782. The Faber Book of America. Ed. Christopher Ricks and William L. Vance. Boston: Faber, 1992. 24–26.An Article in a Reference Book â€Å"Noon†. The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989. Mohanty, Jitendra M. â€Å"Indian Philosophy. † The New Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropaedia. 15th ed. 1987. An Introduction, a Preface, a Foreword or an Afterword Borges, Jorge Luis. Foreword. Selected Poems, 1923–1967. By Borges. Ed. Norman Thomas Di Giovanni. New York: Delta-Dell, 1973. xv–xvi. If the introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword has a title, give the title, enclosed in 19 quotation marks, immediately before the name of the part. Brodsky, Joseph. â€Å"Poetry as a Form of Resistance to Reality. † Foreword. Winter Dialogue .By Tomas Venclova. Trans. Diana Senechal. Evanston: HydraNorthwestern UP, 1997. vii– xviii. An Anonymous Book Encyclopedia of Virginia. New York: Somerset, 1993. A Translation Beowulf. Trans. E. Talbot Donaldson. Ed. Nicholas Howe. New York: Norton, 2001. Hildegard of Bingen. Selected Writings. Trans. Mark Atherton. New York: Penguin, 2001. A Book Published in a Second or Subsequent Edition Bondanella, Peter. Italian Cinema: From Neorealism to the Present. 3rd ed. New York: Continuum, 2001. A Multivolume Work Blanco, Richard L. , ed. The American Revolution, 1775–1783: An Encyc lopedia. 2 vols. Hamden: Garland, 1993.Crane, Stephen. The University of Virginia Edition of the Works of Stephen Crane. Ed. Fredson Bowers. 10 vols. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1969–76. If you are using one volume of a multivolume work state the number of the volume: Lawrence, D. H. The Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Ed. James T. Boulton. Vol. 8. New York: Cambridge UP, 2000. A Book in a Series Neruda, Pablo. Canto General. Trans. Jack Schmitt. Latin Amer. Lit. and Culture 7. Berkeley: U of California P, 1991. A Republished Book Atwood, Margaret. The Blind Assassin. 2000. New York: Knopf-Random, 2001. A Book with Multiple Publishers Wells, H. G. The Time Machine. 895. London: Dent; Rutland: Tuttle, 1992. A Government Publication Great Britain. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food. Dept. of the Environment, Transport, and the Regions. Our Countryside, the Future: A Fair Deal for Rural England. London: HMSO, 2000. New York State. Commission on the Adirondacks in the T wenty-First Century. The Adirondack Park in the Twenty-First-Century. Albany: State of New York, 1990. 20 Poore, Benjamin Perley, comp. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Government Publications of the United States, September 5, 1774–March 4, 1881. US 48th Cong. , 2nd sess. Misc. Doc. 67. Washington: GPO, 1885.The Published Proceedings of a Conference Hualde, Jose Ignacio. â€Å"Patterns of Correspondence in the Adaptation of Spanish Borrowings in Basque. † Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 12–15, 1999: General Session and Parasession on Loan Word Phenomena. Ed. Steve S. Chang, Lily Liaw, and Josef Ruppenhofer. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Soc. , 2000. 348–58. Freed, Barbara F. , ed. Foreign Language Acquisition Research and the Classroom. Proc. of Consortium for Lang. Teaching and Learning Conf. , Oct. 1989, U of Pennsylvania. Lexington: Heath, 1991. An Unpublished DissertationBoyle, Anthony T. â €Å"The Epistemological Evolution of Renaissance Utopian Literature, 1516– 1657. † Diss. New York U, 1983. A Published Dissertation Dietze, Rudolf F. Ralph Ellison: The Genesis of an Artist. Diss. U Erlangen-Nurnberg, 1982. Erlanger Beitrage zur Sprach- und Kunstwissenschaft 70. Nurnberg: Carl, 1982. 4. 2 Journals and Newspapers An Article in a Journal with Continuous Pagination Hanks, Patrick. â€Å"Do Word Meanings Exist? † Computers and the Humanities 34 (2000): 205–15. Mann, Susan. â€Å"Myths of Asian Womanhood. † Journal of Asian Studies 59 (2000): 835–62. An Article in a Journal that pages each issue separatelyAlbada, Kelly F. â€Å"The Public and Private Dialogue about the American Family on Television. † Journal of Communication 50. 4 (2000): 79–110. Some journals do not use volume numbers at all, numbering issues only. Treat the issue numbers of such journals as you would volume numbers. 21 An Article in a Newspaper J eromack, Paul. â€Å"This Once, a David of the Art World Does Goliath a Favor. † New York Times 13 July 2002, late ed. : B7+. Abbreviate months as follows: Jan. , Feb. , Mar. , Apr. , May, June, July, Aug. , Sept. , Oct. , Nov. , Dec. An Article in a Magazine Mehta, Pratap Bhanu. â€Å"Exploding Myths. † New Republic 6 June 1998: 17–19.An Anonymous Article â€Å"Dubious Venture. † Time 3 Jan. 1994: 64–65. A Special Issue Perret, Delphine, and Marie-Denise Shelton, eds. Maryse Conde. Spec. issue of Callaloo 18. 3 (1995): 535–711. Somin, Ilya. â€Å"Do Politicians Pander? † State Autonomy. Spec. issue of Critical Review 14. 2–3 (2000): 147–55. A Legal Source New York Times Co. v. Tasini. No. 00-201. Supreme Ct. of the US. 25 June 2001. 4. 3 Electronic Publications Basic Entry Document from Internet Site Zeki, Semir. â€Å"Artistic Creativity and the Brain. † Science 6 July 2001: 51–52. Science Magazine. 2002. Amer. Assn. For the Advancement of Science. 24 Sept. 2002 . Entire Internet SiteElectronic Text Center. Ed. David Seaman. 2002. Alderman Lib. , U of Virginia. 19 June 2002 . Online Books Nagata, Linda. Goddesses. 2000. Scifi. com. 4 Oct. 2002 . Keats, John. â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn. † Poetical Works. 1884. Bartleby. com: Great Books Online. Ed. Steven van Leeuwen. 2002. 5 May 2002 . United States. Dept. of Justice. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Law Enforcement and Juvenile Crime. By Howard N. Snyder. Dec. 2001. 29 June 2002 . 22 Online Periodicals Butler, Darrell L. , and Martin Sellbom. â€Å"Barriers to Adopting Technology for Teaching and Learning. † Educause Quarterly 25. 2 (2002): 22–28. Educause. Aug. 2002 . Publications on CD-ROM, Diskette or Magnetic Tape It is important to state the publication medium as different formats may be different. Braunmuller, A. R. , ed. Macbeth. By William Shakespeare. CD-ROM. New York: Voyager, 19 94. E-mail Communication Harner, James L. E-mail to the author. 20 Aug. 2002. 23 5 – Formatting and Presentation 5. 1 Page Size and Quality: AA4 (A4-Fine paper) should be used for submission of proposal / synopsis. Minimum paper weight should be 80 grams. 5. 2 Page Setup / Margins: At least 1? -1? inches (3. 17-3. 81cm) on the right-hand side, 3/4 – 1 inch (2 2. 54cm) at the bottom of the page, and about ? 0. 75 inches (1. 27 – 1. 90cm) at the outer edge. 5. 3 Page Numbering: The best position for the page number is at top-centre or top right ? inch (1. 27 cm) below the edge. Pages containing figures and illustration should be suitable paginated. 5. 4 Font: New Times Roman font should be used throughout the proposal / synopsis. 5. 5 Font Size: Title Page 22 (Bold) Chapter Titles 16 (Bold) Headings 14 (Bold) Sub Headings 12 (Bold) Text 12 Footnotes / End notes 10 Footnotes be given on the same page where reference is quoted 5. 6 Paragraph Setting: Line spacing sh ould be 1. 5 and all the paragraph should be justified (Ctrl + J).No tab is required at the starting of a new paragraph. Use one line space between paragraphs for differentiation. 5. 7 Number of Copies: The students are required to submit 20 to 25 copies (as per coordinator’s directive) other than the master copy, to be presented to Board of Advanced Studies and Research (BOASAR). 5. 8 Binding: Only one master copy should be in tape binding with plastic cover and no need of binding for the rest of copies. 5. 9 Submission of Soft Copy of Proposal: The students are required to send a PDF copy of their research proposal to the program coordinator on the following e-mail address: [email  protected] edu. pk 25 Research Proposal The Role of Contingency Employees in Organizational Performance (A Case Study of Islamia College, Peshawar) By Nisar Muhammad M. S – Management Sciences Student I. D: 4818 Supervisor Dr. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Department of Management Sciences ________________________________________________________________ Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology Peshawar. 26 Recommendation Sheet Certified that the research proposal of Mr / Ms. [Your Official Name], Student I. D # 0000, with the title â€Å"Research Title [ Bold,14pt, Title Case]† has been reviewed and recommended to be presented toBoard of Advance Studies and Research (BOASAR) for final review and approval. ______________________ Supervisor: Dr†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 27 Table of Contents 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 2. Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 3. Research Problem / Questionâ € ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 4. Research Objective†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 5. Hypothesis (Optional).. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 6. Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 7. Significance of the study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 8. Scope and Limitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 9. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 28 The Role of Contingency Employees in OrganizationalPerformance (A Case Study of Islamia College Peshawar) By: Nisar Muhammad 1. Introduction: The proposal should start with proper headings and sub-headings as per suggested standard format. 29 Student Profile Paste a passport size e-photo here Name: ____________________________ s/o _________________________________ Program: _________________________ ID #: ____________________ Cell No: _______________________ Land Line No: ___________________________ Email: ____________________________________ Educational Qualification: (Starting From the highest Degree) Certificate / Degree Year Division / GradeBoard / University Professional Experience: S. No Organization Designation From To 1 2 3 4 Personal Statement (a short paragraph about yourself):____________________________ _____________________ _____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ______________________ (Signature of the student)